TABLE 2.

The main types, advantages and effects of biomaterial scaffolds in periodontal tissue engineering.

Types of biomaterial scaffolds for periodontal tissue engineering	Included type	Advantages	Effects in the periodontal tissues
Natural polymers	Collagen, chitosan, alginate, fibrin, etc.	1. Good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity	1. 3D scaffold made of collagen hydrogel produced alveolar bone, dental bone and periodontal membrane reconstruction in Beagle dogs with class II bifurcation defects Kosen et al. (2012)
		2. Achieve better scaffold-tissue interaction, cell adhesion, proliferation and eventual tissue repair	2. Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs encapsulated in chitosan hydrogel formed a dual-action system to treat periodontitis through anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, which effectively alleviated alveolar bone loss and suppressed local inflammatory response in rats with periodontitis Aminu et al. (2019); Ma et al. (2022b)
			3. The application of platelet-rich fibrin is shown to facilitate tissue-specific enhancement of alveolar bone and regeneration of periodontal soft tissues in the surrounding area Li et al. (2013)
Synthetic polymers	Polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL)	1. Highly adjustable physicochemical properties	1. Novel hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanowire modified poly (lactic acid) (PLA) membranes with dual barrier/osteogenic induction function to promote bone repair and regeneration Han et al. (2018)
		2. Highly controllable biodegradation rate	2. Three-dimensional scaffolds prepared by electrospun polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/Gel) fiber membranes promote periodontal tissue regeneration in a rat model of acute periodontal defects Xu et al. (2022)
		3. A facile and streamlined manufacturing process suitable for large-scale production
Bioceramics	Hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), bioactive glass, etc.	1. High mechanical stability	1. Chitosan gel and hydroxyapatite powder inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase BMP-2 production in periodontal tissue regeneration Gani et al. (2022)
		2. Excellent osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity suitable for alveolar bone regeneration	2. Dental grafting with β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds accelerated bone formation and periodontal tissue regeneration Uchikawa et al. (2021)
			3. Bioactive glass/nano-hydroxyapatite is a good performance material in guided tissue regeneration Sunandhakumari et al. (2018)