Table 2.

Overview of studies on the association between polycystic ovary syndrome and thyroid function as well as thyroid autoantibodies up until July 1, 2023. Plus (+) indicates significant association and minus (−) indicates no significant association.

Year	Author	Design	Cases (n)	Controls (n)	Thyroid assessment	Thyroid function	Thyroid autoantibodies
2004	Janssen	Case cohort	175	168	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	+ TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab
2011	Anaforoglu	Case–control	84	81	TSH, T3, T4, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	−
2012	Kachuei	Case–control	78	350	TSH, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	+ TPO-Ab
2013	Garelli	Case–control	113	100	TSH, T3, T4, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	+ Autoimmune thyroiditis
2013	Sinha	Cross-sectional	80	80	TSH, T3, T4, TPO-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	+ TPO-Ab
2014	Al-Saab	Case–control	56	30	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	+ TPO-Ab
2015	Arduc	Cross-sectional	86	60	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	+ TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab
2015	Duran	Cohort study	73	60	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	−
2015	Novais	Cross-sectional	65	65	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	−
2015	Petrikova	Cohort study	64	68	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	−
2016	Arora	Case–control	55	51	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	+ Tg-Ab
2016	Polat	Case–control	70	84	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab	−	−
2016	Tehrani	Cross-sectional	74	417	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab	−	−
2016	Yasar	Case–control	217	131	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	+ Autoimmune thyroiditis
2016	Yu	Case–control	100	100	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	+ TPO-Ab
2017	Karaköse	Case–control	97	71	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	+ TPO-Ab
2017	Menon	Case–control	9	9	TSH, T4. TPO-Ab	−	+ TPO-Ab
2018	Hepsen	Case–control	184	106	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	+ TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab
2018	Wang	Cohort	121	408	TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	NA	+ TPO-Ab
2019	Cai	Cross-sectional	600	200	TSH, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	−
2020	Adamska	Cross-sectional	141	88	TSH, T3, T4, TPO-Ab	−	−
2020	Ho	Cohort	4,931	26,924	Diagnosis	NA	+ Autoimmune thyroid disease
2021	Raj	Case–control	200	200	TSH, T4, T3	+ Hypothyroidism	NA
2021	Skrzynska	Case–control	80	64	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	−
2022	Altuntas	Case–control	178	92	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	+ TPO-Ab
2022	Gawron	Cohort	367	None	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab	−	−
2022	Kim	Case–control	210	343	TSH, T4, TPO-Ab	−	−
2022	Sharma	Case–control	33	32	TSH, T4, T3, TPO-Ab	−	+ TPO-Ab
2023	Bonakdaran	Cross-sectional	41	41	TS, T4, T3, TPO-Ab	+ Hypothyroidism	+ TPO-Ab
2023	Heidarpour	Cross-sectional	76	66	TPO-Ab	NA	+ TPO-Ab

NA; not assessed; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; Tg-Ab, thyroglobulin antibodies; TPO-Ab, thyroid peroxidase antibodies; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.