Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included studies (N=12; all are randomized controlled trials).
| First author (year); country | Sample size, N (TCa/UCb) | Age (years), mean (SD) | Duration | Comorbid chronic diseases | Depression degree | Outcomes |
| Rollman (2009) [31]; United States | 302 (150/152) | TC: 64 (10.8); UC: 64 (11.2) | Baseline, 8 months | Yes | Moderate | HAM-Dc and SF-36d |
| Aburizik (2013) [32]; United States | 52 (29/23) | TC: 66.4 (7.9); UC: 64.1 (10.5) | Baseline, 10 weeks | Yes | Mild | PHQ-9e and BDIf |
| Lee (2014) [23]; Korea | 25 (12/13) | TC: 66.7 (7.9); UC: 65.4 (8.6) | Baseline, 6 months | Yes | Mild, moderate | CES-Dg |
| Villani (2014) [33]; Italy | 80 (40/40) | TC: 71 (4); UC: 73 (5) | Baseline, 12 months | Yes | Moderate, severe | PHQ-9 and STAI-6h |
| Pickett (2014) [34]; United States | 124 (60/64) | TC: 69.1 (10.9); UC: 68.6 (10.7) | Baseline, 12 weeks | No | Mild | PHQ-9 |
| O'Neil (2014) [35]; Australia | 121 (61/60) | TC: 61.0 (10.2); UC: 58.9 (10.7) | Baseline, 6 months | Yes | Mild, moderate | PHQ-9, CDSi, and SF-12j |
| Gellis (2014) [36]; United States | 94 (46/48) | TC: 80.1 (7.8); UC: 78.3 (6.9) | Baseline, 3 months, and 6 months | Yes | Mild, moderate | PHQ-9, HAM-D, and SF-12 |
| Yang (2019) [37]; China | 212 (107/105) | TC: 61.25 (8.60); UC: 60.85 (10.80) | Baseline, 12 months | Yes | Mild, moderate | HADS-Dk and SDSl |
| Naik (2019) [21]; United States | 225 (136/89) | 61.9 (8.3) | Baseline, 6 months, and 12 months | Yes | Moderate | PHQ-9 |
| Dobkin (2020) [22]; United States | 72 (37/35) | TC: 65.62 (9.76); UC: 64.80 (9.62) | Baseline, 3 months, and 6 months | Yes | Moderate | HAM-D, BDI, HAM-Am, and SF-36 |
| Almeida (2021) [38]; Australia | 200 (79/121) | ≥65 | Baseline, and 52 weeks | No | Mild, moderate | PHQ-9, GAD-7n, and SF-12 |
| Koehler (2021) [39]; Germany | 156 (79/77) | TC: 68.30 (9.13); UC: 64.34 (11.35) | Baseline, 12 months | Yes | Moderate | PHQ-9 and SF-36 |
aTC: telecare.
bUC: usual care.
cHAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
dSF-36: 36-Item Short Form Survey.
ePHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
fBDI: Beck Depression Inventory.
gCES-D: Center for Epidemiological Survey, Depression Scale.
hSTAI-6: Spielberger’s State Trait Anxiety Inventory.
iCDS: Cardiac Depression Scale.
jSF-12: 12-Item Short Form Survey.
kHADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
lSDS: Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.
mHAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
nGAD-7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.