Table 2.

Subgroup meta-analysis for patients with late-life depression.

Subgroups		Cohen d SMDa	95% CI	P value	Heterogeneity (I2; %)
Overall		–0.59	–0.80 to –0.38	<.001	86.42
Duration
	≤3 months	–0.72	–1.16 to –0.28	<.001	86.91
	>3 months	–0.52	–0.75 to –0.29	<.001	84.72
Type of scale
	PHQ-9b	–0.53	–0.83 to –0.22	<.001	87.13
	Others	–0.65	–0.96 to –0.35	<.001	86.21
Device type
	Telephone-based	–0.38	–0.56 to –0.20	<.001	75.30
	Remote monitoring system	–1.13	–1.51 to –0.76	<.001	78.32
Comorbid chronic diseases
	Presence	–0.67	–0.89 to –0.44	<.001	85.31
	Absence	–0.10	–0.41 to 0.20	.07	61.45
Region
	Europe and the Americas	–0.73	–0.99 to –0.47	<.001	86.38
	Others	–0.22	–0.35 to –0.09	.42	0.00

^aSMD: standardized mean difference.

^bPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.