Table 4.

Themes, subthemes, and codes.

RQa, themes, and subthemes		Example codes
1. Barriers in the context of social isolation and loneliness
	Fatigue	Energy depletion, slowed movements, and extreme tiredness
	Psychological conditions	Anxiety (fear about future and excessive worry) or apathy (lack of initiative)
	Social stigma Arising from symptoms Due to relational and communicational problems Arising from sharing perceptions Perception of others toward people with PDb Perception of people with PD toward others	Embarrassment, shame, and stigma
	Medication side effects	Gambling, hallucinations, and impulse control disorder
2. Barriers in relation to use of ICTc
	Physical limitations	Difficulties using keyboard and mouse
	Cognitive limitations	Not remembering passwords, complex to navigate, and learning difficulties
3. User needs for managing social isolation and loneliness
	Increase social connections	Connect similar interest people, video chat, and group establishment
	Increase social participations	Events information, create event, and recommendations
	Increase a sense of belonging	Awareness, community forum, information from experts, and tips and suggestions
	Other suggestions	Simple, easy-to-use, and technology guidance

^aRQ: research question.

^bPD: Parkinson disease.

^cICT: information and communication technology.