Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author, year, and country | Study design | Sample size | Participant characteristics | Intervention | Control | GDMa criteria | Outcomes |
| Dodd et al [32], 2014, Australia | Multicenter RCTb | 2153; IGc: 1080; CGd: 1073 (1:1) | Women with a singleton pregnancy between 10 and 20 wk of gestation and a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 | Phone, in person | Standard care | ADPSCe | LGAf, macrosomia, PIHg, pre-eclampsia, GDM, PTBh, CSi, and PPHj |
| Sagedal et al [37], 2015, Norway | RCT | 591; IG: 296; CG: 295 (1:1) | Women with a singleton pregnancy at ≤20 wk of gestation who had a prepregnancy BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 | Phone, website, in person | Standard care | WHOk | GWGl, GDM, LGA, SGAm, pre-eclampsia, PTB, PPH, and NWn |
| Seneviratne et al [34], 2015, New Zealand | RCT | 74; IG: 37; CG: 37 (1:1) | Women aged 18-40 y with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 and a singleton pregnancy of <20 wk of gestation | Software, device, home-based, in person | Usual care | IADPSGo | NW, hypoglycemia, GWG, GDM, PIH, PTB, CS, PPH, MVPAp, and pre-eclampsia |
| Poston et al [35], 2015, United Kingdom | Multicenter RCT | 1280; IG: 629; CG: 651 (1:1) | Women aged ≥16 y with a BMI of ≥30 kg/m² and a singleton pregnancy between 15 and 18 wk plus 6 d of gestation | Phone, email, DVD, pedometer, logbook, in person | Standard care | IADPSG | GDM, FBGq, pre-eclampsia, CS, PPH, GWG, HOMA-IRr, GLs, GIt, fat, MVPA, LGA, and NW |
| Simmons et al [33], 2017, Australia | Multicenter RCT | 192; IG: 92; CG: 100 (1:1) | Women with a BMI of >29 kg/m2, ≤19 (–6 to , 6) d of gestation, and a singleton pregnancy | Email, phone, pedometer, device, in person | Usual care | WHO | GDM, FBG, HOMA-IR, insulin, NW, LGA, SGA, MVPA, and sugar intake |
| Chen [22], 2017, China | RCT | 160; IG: 80; CG: 80 (1:1) | Women with a prepregnancy BMI of ≥24 kg/m2 and a singleton pregnancy between 8 and 12 wk of gestation | Mobile apps, SMS text messages, in person | Usual care | IADPSG | BMI, GDM, CS, and NW |
| Kennelly et al [36], 2018, Ireland | RCT | 498; IG: 241; CG: 257 (1:1) | Singleton pregnant women between 10 and 15 wk of gestation with a BMI between 25.0 and 39.9 kg/m2 | Mobile app, email, in person | Usual care | IADPSG | GDM, GWG, GL, GI, PIH, CS, HOMA-IR, NW, LGA, and SGA |
| Li [23], 2018, China | RCT | 1000; IG: 500; CG: 500 (1:1) | Women with a BMI of ≥28 kg/m2, aged >18 y, and with a singleton pregnancy between 8 and 12 wk of gestation | Phone, in person | Usual care | IADPSG | GDM, GWG, NW, and macrosomia |
| Tang et al [24], 2019, China | RCT | 136; IG: 68; CG: 68 (1:1) | Pregnant women with a BMI of ≥28 kg/m2 aged >18 y | Mobile app, software | Standard care | N/Au | Macrosomia, CS, hypoglycemia, and GDM |
| Ferrara et al [30], 2020, United States | Multicenter RCT | 389; IG: 195; CG: 194 (1:1) | Women at 8-15 wk of gestation with singletons, with a prepregnancy BMI of 25-40 kg/m², and aged ≥18 y | Phone, device, in person | Usual care | Carpenter and Coustan criteria | GWG, caloric intake, MVPA, FBG, HOMA-IR, GDM, PIH, pre-eclampsia, CS, NW, and macrosomia |
| Cao [25], 2020, China | RCT | 96; IG: 48; CG: 48 (1:1) | Women aged 22-38 y with a BMI of ≥24 kg/m2 and a singleton pregnancy between 8 and 12 wk of gestation | Mobile apps, SMS text messages, in person | Usual care | IADPSG | FBG, GDM, BMI, CS, NW, and LGA |
| Wu and Guang [26], 2020, China | RCT | 140; IG: 70; CG: 70 (1:1) | Pregnant women with a BMI of ≥28 kg/m2 aged >18 y | Mobile app, in person | Usual care | N/A | BMI, NW, GDM, PIH, CS, PTB, macrosomia, and PPH |
| Liu et al [31], 2021, United States | RCT | 217; IG: 112; CG: 105 (1:1) | Pregnant women aged 18-44 y with a gestational age of ≤16 wk and a prepregnancy BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 | Phone, software, SMS text messages, in person | Standard care | N/A | GWG, PTB, LBWv, macrosomia, SGA, GDM, PIH, CS, and NW |
| Zhou et al [27], 2021, China | RCT | 104; IG: 52; CG: 52 (1:1) | Singleton pregnant women with a BMI of ≥24 kg/m2 and aged >18 y | Mobile app, in person | Usual care | IADPSG | FBG, 2-hour BGw, GDM, CS, PTB, and macrosomia |
| Kang and Sung [28], 2021, China | RCT | 106; IG: 53; CG: 53 (1:1) | Women with a BMI of ≥28 kg/m2, aged >18 y, and with a singleton pregnancy between 12 and 20 wk of gestation | Mobile app, in person | Usual care | IADPSG | GDM, FBG, 2-hour BG, HbA1cx, CS, PTB, and macrosomia |
| Ding et al [29], 2021, China | RCT | 215; IG: 104; CG: 111 (1:1) | Pregnant women with a BMI of ≥24 kg/m2 at the onset of pregnancy, aged <35 y, and at <12 wk of gestation | Mobile app, in person | Usual care | IADPSG | Energy intake, GDM, FBG, GWG, CS, PTB, PIH, pre-eclampsia, PPH, NW, and macrosomia |
aGDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.
bRCT: randomized controlled trial.
cIG: intervention group.
dCG: control group.
eADPSC: Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society criteria.
fLGA: large-for-gestational-age infant.
gPIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension.
hPTB: preterm birth.
iCS: cesarean section.
jPPH: postpartum hemorrhage.
kWHO: World Health Organization.
lGWG: gestational weight gain.
mSGA: small-for-gestational-age infant.
nNW: neonatal weight.
oIADPSG: International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups.
pMVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
qFBG: fasting blood glucose.
rHOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
sGL: glycemic load.
tGI: glycemic index.
uN/A: not applicable.
vLBW: low birth weight.
wBG: blood glucose.
xHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.