Table 3.

Effectiveness of mobile health–based lifestyle interventions on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes			References		Studies, n (%)		Sample size		Statistical method		Effect estimates (95% CI)		P value
Maternal outcomes
	Postpartum hemorrhage (%)	Wu and Guang [26] Ding et al [29] Dodd et all [32] Seneviratne et al [34] Poston et al [35] Sagedal et al [37]		6 (38)		4664		Odds ratio (IVa; fixed)		1.06 (0.90 to 1.24)		.49
	Cesarean delivery (%)	Chen [22] Tang et al [24] Cao [25] Wu and Guang [26] Ferrara et al [30] Dodd et al [32] Seneviratne et al [34] Poston et al [35] Kennelly et al [36]		9 (56)		5224		Odds ratio (IV; fixed)		0.89 (0.79 to 1.00)		.05
	Preeclampsia or PIHb (%)	Wu and Guang [26] Ding et al [29] Ferrara et al [30] Liu et al [31] Dodd et al [32] Seneviratne et al [34] Poston et al [35] Kennelly et al [36] Sagedal et al [37]		9 (56)		5829		Odds ratio (IV; fixed)		0.96 (0.80 to 1.15)		.63
	GWGc (kg)	Li [23] Ding et al [29] Ferrara et al [30] Liu et al [31] Seneviratne et al [34] Poston et al [35] Kennelly et al [36] Sagedal et al [37]		8 (50)		4133		Mean difference (IV; fixed)		−1.12 (−1.44 to −0.80)		<.001
Neonatal outcomes
	Preterm birth (%)	Wu and Guang [26] Zhou et al [27] Kang and Sung [28] Ding et al [29] Liu et al [31] Dodd et al [32] Seneviratne et al [34]		7 (44)		2998		Odds ratio (IV; fixed)		0.65 (0.48 to 0.87)		.004
	Macrosomia (%)	Li [23] Tang et al [24] Wu and Guang [26] Zhou et al [27] Kang and Sung [28] Ding et al [29] Ferrara et al [30] Liu et al [31] Dodd et al [32]		9 (56)		4449		Odds ratio (IV; random)		0.59 (0.40 to 0.87)		.008
	LGAd >90th percentile (%)	Dodd et al [32] Simmons et al [33] Poston et al [35] Kennelly et al [36] Sagedal et al [37]		5 (31)		4966		Odds ratio (IV; random)		0.80 (0.60 to 1.06)		.12
	SGAe <10th percentile (%)	Liu et al [31] Simmons et al [33] Kennelly et al [36] Sagedal et al [37]		4 (25)		1529		Odds ratio (IV; fixed)		1.10 (0.78 to 1.55)		.60

^aIV: inverse variance.

^bPIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension.

^cGWG: gestational weight gain.

^dLGA: large for gestational age.

^eSGA: small for gestational age.