Table 3.
The fixed effect regression between maternal socioeconomic status and child overweight.
| Variable | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|---|---|---|
| BMIZ | BMIZ | |
| Age | −0.3057*** | −0.3068*** |
| (-19.45) | (-19.45) | |
| Gender | ||
| Girl | −0.1071** | −0.1103** |
| Boy (reference) | (-2.48) | (-2.56) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Minority | 0.1594** | 0.1583** |
| Han (reference) | (2.21) | (2.20) |
| Health insurance | ||
| Yes | −0.1861*** | −0.1856*** |
| No (reference) | (-3.27) | (-3.26) |
| Maternal height(cm) | ||
| <157 | −0.1218*** | −0.1228*** |
| ≥157 (reference) | (-2.59) | (-2.61) |
| Mother's nutrition | ||
| Overweight | 0.1833*** | 0.1838*** |
| (3.22) | (3.21) | |
| Underweight | −0.3682*** | −0.3657*** |
| Normal (reference) | (-4.50) | (-4.46) |
| Paternal height(cm) | ||
| <168 | 0.0322 | 0.0305 |
| ≥168 | (0.66) | (0.63) |
| Father's nutrition | ||
| Overweight | 0.1492*** | 0.1459** |
| (2.58) | (2.53) | |
| Underweight | −0.0980 | −0.0984 |
| Normal (reference) | (-1.01) | (-1.01) |
| Household per capita income | ||
| Lower | −0.2291* | −0.2222* |
| (-1.77) | (-1.71) | |
| Medium | −0.2775* | −0.2795* |
| (-1.72) | (-1.73) | |
| Higher | −0.7073** | −0.7200** |
| (-2.35) | (-2.42) | |
| Highest | 0.2471 | 0.2770 |
| Lowest (reference) | (0.65) | (0.73) |
| Mother’ education level | ||
| Primary | −0.1185 | −0.1028 |
| (-1.00) | (-0.87) | |
| Low middle school | −0.2834** | −0.2779** |
| (-2.21) | (-2.14) | |
| Upper middle school | −0.1464 | −0.1410 |
| (-0.84) | (-0.79) | |
| Vocational | 0.2204 | 0.2230 |
| (0.50) | (0.50) | |
| College and above | 0.0909 | 0.1340 |
| Illiteracy (reference) | (0.21) | (0.30) |
| Interaction 1 | ||
| Lower*Low middle school | 0.3689** | 0.3675** |
| (2.13) | (2.12) | |
| Medium* Low middle school | 0.4050** | 0.4191** |
| (2.06) | (2.13) | |
| Mother's average working days | −0.5245*** | −0.5334*** |
| (-3.28) | (-3.37) | |
| Mother's employment | ||
| Yes | −3.2233*** | −3.2363*** |
| No (reference) | (-3.59) | (-3.64) |
| Interaction 2 | 0.5617*** | 0.5687*** |
| (3.53) | (3.60) | |
| Father’ education level | ||
| Primary | −0.2099* | |
| (-1.80) | ||
| Low middle school | −0.1499 | |
| (-1.34) | ||
| Upper middle school | −0.1368 | |
| (-1.15) | ||
| Vocational | −0.1657 | |
| (-1.12) | ||
| College and above | −0.2959* | |
| Illiteracy (reference) | (-1.74) | |
| Father's average working days | −0.0007 | |
| Father's employment | (-0.03) | |
| Yes | −0.1394 | |
| No (reference) | (-0.83) | |
| Household asset index | 0.0792 | 0.0762 |
| (0.86) | (0.82) | |
| Urbanization index | ||
| Lower | 0.0300 | 0.0329 |
| (0.43) | (0.47) | |
| Medium | 0.1147 | 0.1096 |
| (1.54) | (1.47) | |
| Higher | −0.0480 | −0.0539 |
| (-0.59) | (-0.66) | |
| Highest | −0.0209 | −0.0285 |
| Lowest (reference) | (-0.22) | (-0.29) |
| Mother's health insurance | ||
| Yes | 0.2233** | 0.2113** |
| No (reference) | (2.45) | (2.31) |
| Father's health insurance | ||
| Yes | −0.0737 | −0.0542 |
| No (reference) | (-0.89) | (-0.65) |
| Father's smoking | ||
| Yes | 0.0824* | 0.0812* |
| No (reference) | (1.73) | (1.70) |
| Father's drinking | ||
| Yes | −0.0771 | −0.0759 |
| No (reference) | (-1.63) | (-1.60) |
| 3-day calories intake | −0.0000 | −0.0000 |
| (-0.05) | (-0.00) | |
| 3-day protein intake | 0.0006 | 0.0005 |
| (0.21) | (0.17) | |
| 3-day fat intake | −0.0007 | −0.0007 |
| (-0.47) | (-0.49) | |
| Region | ||
| Central | −0.1384** | −0.1380** |
| (-2.14) | (-2.13) | |
| West | −0.4865*** | −0.4829*** |
| (-6.91) | (-6.84) | |
| North east | −0.1961** | −0.1855** |
| East (reference) | (-2.32) | (-2.18) |
| Fixed effects | Yes | |
| _cons | 4.7812*** | 5.0890*** |
| (5.23) | (5.56) | |
| N | 4429 | 4429 |
| R2 | 0.1593 | 0.1608 |
| adj. R2 | 0.1468 | 0.1469 |
Note: The data above is from CHNS. T statistics in parentheses. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01. Interaction 1 is the term between mother's education level and household per capita income levels. Interaction 2 is the term between mother's employment status and average working days per week. The results above are regressed by STATA.