Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of CKD cohort indicated for SGLT2 inhibitor treatment stratified by T2D Status and prescription of SGLT2 inhibitor.
| Characteristic | CKD Cohort (N = 138,183) |
CKD-T2D Cohort (N = 106,468) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2 inhibitor prescribed (N = 23,466) | SGLT2 inhibitor not prescribed (N = 114,717) | SGLT2 inhibitor prescribed (N = 23,464) | SGLT2 inhibitor not prescribed (N = 83,004) | |
| Age—years | 68.2 ± 11.7 | 75.4 ± 12.0 | 68.2 ± 11.7 | 74.3 ± 11.5 |
| Female sex—n (%) | 7748 (33.0) | 54,443 (47.5) | 7748 (33.0) | 38,168 (46.0) |
| Ethnicity—n (%) | ||||
| White | 18,365 (78.3) | 96,119 (83.8) | 18,365 (78.3) | 67,720 (81.6) |
| Asian | 2982 (12.7) | 8224 (7.2) | 2982 (12.7) | 7404 (8.9) |
| Black | 921 (3.9) | 4004 (3.5) | 920 (3.9) | 3386 (4.1) |
| Mixed | 242 (1.0) | 851 (0.7) | 242 (1.0) | 704 (0.8) |
| Other | 243 (1.0) | 800 (0.7) | 243 (1.0) | 659 (0.8) |
| Missing | 713 (3.0) | 4719 (4.1) | 712 (3.0) | 3131 (3.8) |
| IMD quintile—n (%) | ||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 5021 (21.4) | 20,568 (17.9) | 5021 (21.4) | 16,160 (19.5) |
| 2 | 4542 (19.4) | 21,267 (18.5) | 4542 (19.4) | 15,976 (19.2) |
| 3 | 4425 (18.9) | 22,438 (19.6) | 4423 (18.9) | 16,071 (19.4) |
| 4 | 4477 (19.1) | 23,291 (20.3) | 4477 (19.1) | 16,246 (19.6) |
| 5 (least deprived) | 4038 (17.2) | 22,176 (19.3) | 4038 (17.2) | 15,058 (18.1) |
| Missing | 963 (4.1) | 4977 (4.3) | 963 (4.1) | 3493 (4.2) |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Body mass index—kg/m2 | 31.2 ± 6.5 | 30.1 ± 6.4 | 31.2 ± 6.5 | 30.7 ± 6.5 |
| Missing | 83 (0.4) | 512 (0.4) | 83 (0.4) | 207 (0.2) |
| Blood pressure—mmHg | ||||
| Systolic | 131.3 ± 17.8 | 135.3 ± 17.1 | 131.3 ± 17.8 | 135.9 ± 16.7 |
| Missing | 10,268 (43.8) | 47,319 (41.2) | 10,266 (43.8) | 34,510 (41.6) |
| Diastolic | 75.1 ± 11.1 | 74.7 ± 10.9 | 75.1 ± 11.1 | 74.9 ± 10.7 |
| Missing | 10,327 (44.0) | 47,443 (41.4) | 10,325 (44.0) | 34,597 (41.7) |
| HbA1c | ||||
| HbA1c—mmol/mol | – | – | 61.4 ± 18.2 | 55.9 ± 15.8 |
| Missing | – | – | 231 (1.0) | 281 (0.3) |
| Duration T2D—years | – | – | 12.4 ± 8.5 | 13.3 ± 8.2 |
| eGFR | ||||
| Mean (SD)—mL/min/1.73 m2 | 73.7 ± 24.8 | 63.3 ± 22.3 | 73.7 ± 24.8 | 67.2 ± 22.2 |
| Distribution—n (%) | ||||
| ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 15,294 (65.2) | 56,659 (49.4) | 15,294 (65.2) | 47,345 (57.0) |
| ≥45 to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 4950 (21.1) | 30,897 (26.9) | 4949 (21.1) | 22,748 (27.4) |
| ≥30 to <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2586 (11.0) | 22,807 (19.9) | 2585 (11.0) | 10,545 (12.7) |
| ≥15 to <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 609 (2.6) | 3970 (3.5) | 609 (2.6) | 2111 (2.5) |
| <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 5 (0.0) | 311 (0.3) | 5 (0.0) | 228 (0.3) |
| Missing | 22 (0.1) | 73 (0.1) | 22 (0.1) | 27 (0.0) |
| Urine ACR | ||||
| Median (IQR)—mg/mmol | 4.6 (1.7–14.4) | 3.0 (1.1–10.1) | 4.6 (1.7–14.4) | 3.3 (1.2–10.0) |
| Distribution—n (%) | ||||
| <3 mg/mmol | 7934 (33.8) | 52,485 (45.8) | 7934 (33.8) | 37,339 (45.0) |
| ≥3 to ≤30 mg/mmol | 10,747 (45.8) | 41,863 (36.5) | 10,747 (45.8) | 34,645 (41.7) |
| >30 mg/mmol | 3311 (14.1) | 12,688 (11.1) | 3311 (14.1) | 8517 (10.3) |
| Missing | 1474 (6.3) | 7681 (6.7) | 1472 (6.3) | 2503 (3.0) |
| CMMS—median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) |
| Co-morbidities—n (%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 11,717 (49.9) | 57,001 (49.7) | 11,715 (49.9) | 35,234 (42.4) |
| Heart failure | 7172 (30.6) | 29,223 (25.5) | 7170 (30.6) | 12,192 (14.7) |
| Hypertension | 19,577 (83.4) | 102,071 (89.0) | 19,575 (83.4) | 74,950 (90.3) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 23,464 (100) | 83,004 (72.4) | – | – |
| Medications—n (%) | ||||
| Diuretic | 9933 (42.3) | 43,995 (38.4) | 9931 (42.3) | 28,580 (34.4) |
IMD—index of multiple deprivation, CKD—chronic kidney disease, T2D—type 2 diabetes, eGFR—estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine ACR—urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, HbA1c—glycated haemoglobin, CMMS—Cambridge Multi-Morbidity Score, SGLT2 inhibitor—sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, IQR—interquartile range, SD—standard deviation.
Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding. Clinical measures (including body mass index, eGFR, urine ACR and HbA1c) were assigned as missing if they were recorded more than two years prior to either 31st December 2022, or the date of first SGLT2 inhibitor prescription for those prescribed an SGLT2 inhibitor. Cardiovascular disease defined as ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.