Table 7. Comparison of the Optimum Yield with Other Heterogeneous Catalyzed Methanolysis Products.
| catalyst type | activation time and temperature (h, °C) | oil feedstock | FAME yield,% | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RC-ITB | (3, 600) | waste cooking palm oil | 80.04 | this study |
| NaOH-loaded sepiolite | (5, 500) | canola oil | 80.93 | (47) |
| CaO nanocatalyst | (2, 400) | Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris oil | 67 | (39) |
| KNO3-loaded coffee husk ash | (2, 600) | waste frying oil valorization | 72.04 | (24) |
| zinc-doped CaO nanocatalyst | (3, 800) | Calophyllum inophyllum oil | 89 | (25) |
| fly ash | (2, 120) | mixture of purified palm plus waste frying oil | 73.8 | (32) |
| KOH/bentonite catalysts | (5, 400) | palm oil | 90.7 | (48) |
| OH-impregnated CaO | (2, 600) | refined coconut oil | 81.70 | (8) |
| ostrich bones derived catalyst | (4, 900) | waste cooking oil | 90.56 | (26) |
| strontium titanate | (8, 880) | Madhuca indica oil | 98 | (49) |
| walnut shell ash | (2, 800) | sunflower oil | 98 | (36) |