Table 2.
Frequency of postoperative opioid use for pain management over time, stratified by treatment arm
| Time Period | Frequency, N (%) | Bupivacaine type used in adductor canal block (treatment arm) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomal | Conventional | P-value | ||
| PACU | N | 40 | 40 | |
| Received opioids | 13 (32.5%) | 17 (42.5%) | 0.49a | |
| Total dose (MME)b | 8 [7.5–17.5] | 7.5 [7.5–17.5] | 0.84c | |
| POD-0 | N | 40 | 39d | |
| Received opioids | 34 (85.0%) | 35 (89.7%) | 0.74e | |
| Total dose (MME)b | 26.2 [17.5–49.2] | 37.5 [22.5–45.0] | 0.016f | |
| POD-1 | N | 37 | 38 | |
| Received opioids | 30 (81.1%) | 35 (92.1%) | 0.19e | |
| Total dose (MME)b | 27.5 [16.9–38.1] | 36 [20.0–45.0] | 0.016f | |
| POD-2 | N | 36 | 38 | |
| Received opioids | 24 (66.7%) | 34 (89.5%) | 0.024e | |
| Total dose (MME)b | 28.8 [13.1–37.5] | 30.0 [20.0–39.8] | 0.016f | |
PACU post-anesthesia care unit, POD post-operative day, MME morphine milligram equivalents
aChi square test with continuity correction
bData shown as median [interquartile range]; only those receiving opioids during each specified time period are included
cPACU opioid use was compared between study groups by Mann Whitney U test
dPre-discharge opioid data unavailable for N = 1
eFisher’s exact test
fRepeated measures analysis using a linear mixed effects model after log10 transformation of opioid dose data