Table 2.

Macrophage-fibroblast interaction signalling in the tumour microenvironment

Macrophage-derived factors/receptors	Fibroblast-derived factors/receptors	Function	References
CSF1R	CSF1	Induce M2 polarization in monocytes	[88]
CCR2	CCL2	Promote myeloid cell infiltration	[90, 91]
unclear now	CXCL14	Increase macrophage infiltration	[92]
CXCR4	CXCL12	Promote macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization; promote LAM differentiation	[36, 93]
CXCR6	CXCL16	Promote macrophage recruitment	[95]
IL-6R	IL-6	Promote preinvasive TAM differentiation
ST2	IL-33	Promote macrophage recruitment and polarization; promote MMP9 secretion of TAMs	[99]
C3aR	C3a	Promote monocyte differentiation to TAMs	[100, 101]
CXCL3	CXCR2	Induce CAF-to-myofibroblasts transition	[113]
OSM	OSMR	Induce inflammatory fibroblasts	[114]
IL-1β	IL-R1	Induce conversion of NFs to CAFs; Induce CAF production of IL-8 and GROα	[115, 116]
CXCR2	IL-8	Induce immunosuppressive TAMs to suppress NK cells	[102]
CXCR4	SDF-1	Induce immunosuppressive TAMs to suppress T cells	[107]
unclear now	HIF2	Promote macrophage M2 polarization; Regulate TAM expression of immune checkpoint	[109]
PTGIR	PGI2	Induce mixed-polarized TAM phenotype with reduced phagocytic capability	[125]
Granulin	unclear now	Activate myofibroblasts to induce ECM remodelling	[119]
TGF-β1	TGFβR2	Activate CAFs to induce ECM remodelling	[120]