Table 1.
Characteristics of patients by time period.
| Characteristic | Overall, N = 279 (100%)∗ | Ketamine period |
p value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before reduction, n = 155 (56%)∗ | After reduction, n = 124 (44%)∗ | |||
| Cholestatic liver injury | 34 (12.2) | 27 (17.4) | 7 (5.6) | 0.003 |
| Grade ≥3 ALP elevation | 25 (9.0) | 22 (14.2) | 3 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Cholestasis | 175 (62.7) | 97 (62.6) | 78 (62.9) | 0.956 |
| DILI cholestasis | 106 (38.0) | 57 (36.8) | 49 (39.5) | 0.639 |
| Male sex | 176 (63.1) | 98 (63.2) | 78 (62.9) | 0.956 |
| Age (years) | 50.7 (31.4–67.3) | 49.1 (31.4–67.7) | 51.6 (31.3–67.1) | 0.860 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (22.9–28.7) | 25.1 (22.8–28.7) | 25.1 (22.9–28.7) | 0.995 |
| Thermal burn | 268 (96.1) | 147 (94.8) | 121 (97.6) | 0.356 |
| Electrical burn | 14 (5.0) | 10 (6.5) | 4 (3.2) | 0.220 |
| Body surface area burned (%) | 28.5 (20.0–45.0) | 25.0 (20.0–45.0) | 30.0 (20.0–45.0) | 0.635 |
| Full-thickness body surface area burned (%) | 15.0 (5.0–27.8) | 14.0 (4.5–26.0) | 15.0 (6.0–28.5) | 0.219 |
| Inhalation injury | 91 (32.6) | 58 (37.4) | 33 (26.6) | 0.056 |
| ABSI | 8.0 (6.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.0–9.3) | 0.669 |
| SAPS II | 29.0 (19.0–41.0) | 33.0 (19.0–45.0) | 26.0 (18.5–37.0) | 0.066 |
| SOFA | 2.0 (0.0–6.0) | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) | 2.0 (0.0–6.0) | 0.981 |
| Volume expansion with crystalloid fluids (ml/kg/%) | 4.0 (2.4–5.3) | 4.0 (2.6–5.5) | 4.0 (2.3–5.0) | 0.602 |
| Vasopressors administration at admission | 108 (39.0) | 65 (41.9) | 43 (35.2) | 0.257 |
| Length of vasopressors infusion (days) | 1.0 (0.0–3.8) | 1.0 (0.0–4.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.687 |
| Mechanical ventilation at admission | 173 (62.0) | 99 (63.9) | 74 (59.7) | 0.473 |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) | 3.0 (0.0–31.0) | 3.0 (0.0–26.5) | 3.0 (0.0–34.3) | 0.483 |
| Initial AST level ( × ULN) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.7) | 0.162 |
| Initial ALT level ( × ULN) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.6 (0.5–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.399 |
| Initial GGT level ( × ULN) | 0.6 (0.4–1.3) | 0.6 (0.4–1.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.694 |
| Initial ALP level ( × ULN) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.797 |
| Initial TBIL level ( × ULN) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.880 |
| Initial prothrombin ratio (%) | 79.0 (64.0–89.0) | 79.0 (64.0–89.0) | 79.0 (65.0–88.5) | 0.998 |
| Initial serum creatinine level (μmol/L) | 71.5 (57.8–93.8) | 72.0 (57.1–94.5) | 71.0 (58.8–90.6) | 0.844 |
| Enteral nutrition | 188 (67.4) | 102 (65.8) | 86 (69.4) | 0.530 |
| Parenteral nutrition | 18 (6.5) | 12 (7.7) | 6 (4.8) | 0.327 |
| Acute kidney injury | 96 (34.4) | 57 (36.8) | 39 (31.5) | 0.352 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 39 (14.0) | 27 (17.4) | 12 (9.7) | 0.064 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 65 (23.3) | 34 (21.9) | 31 (25.0) | 0.547 |
| Septic shock | 76 (27.2) | 39 (25.2) | 37 (29.8) | 0.383 |
| Total ketamine exposure (mg) | 43.5 (0.0–624.1) | 265.0 (0.0–8,020.6) | 20.0 (0.0–105.0) | <0.001 |
| Length of ketamine infusion (days) | 1.0 (0.0–6.0) | 3.0 (0.0–9.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | <0.001 |
| Time to ketamine exposure >1,000 mg (days) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 50.0 (50.0–50.0) | 0.079 |
| Time to ketamine exposure >10,000 mg (days) | 6.0 (5.0–8.8) | 6.0 (5.0–8.8) | — | |
| Number of patients without ketamine infusion | 107 (38.4) | 52 (33.5) | 55 (44.4) | 0.065 |
| Total midazolam exposure (mg) | 5.8 (0.0–461.3) | 2.1 (0.0–336.1) | 26.5 (0.0–928.6) | 0.090 |
| Length of midazolam infusion (days) | 1.0 (0.0–4.0) | 1.0 (0.0–4.0) | 1.0 (0.0–7.0) | 0.033 |
| Number of patients without midazolam infusion | 121 (43.4) | 71 (45.8) | 50 (40.3) | 0.358 |
| Total sufentanil exposure (μg) | 170.9 (0.0–2,592.9) | 242.5 (0.0–1,455.6) | 164.1 (19.2–3,570.0) | 0.121 |
| Length of sufentanil infusion (days) | 3.0 (0.0–14.0) | 3.0 (0.0–10.0) | 3.0 (1.0–19.3) | 0.036 |
| Number of patients without sufentanil infusion | 77 (27.6) | 48 (31.0) | 29 (23.4) | 0.159 |
| Length of stay in the ICU (days) | 30.0 (14.5–48.5) | 26.0 (13.0–45.0) | 32.0 (19.0–58.0) | 0.023 |
| 28-day mortality | 43 (15.5) | 28 (18.1) | 15 (12.2) | 0.179 |
| 90-day mortality | 57 (20.5) | 39 (25.2) | 18 (14.6) | 0.031 |
Cholestasis was serum ALP ≥1.5ULN with GGT ≥3 × ULN; cholestatic liver injury was serum ALP ≥1.5 × ULN with GGT ≥3 × ULN, and TBIL >1 × ULN; DILI cholestasis was serum ALP ≥2 × ULN and serum GGT ≥1 × ULN; and grade 3 or higher ALP elevation was serum ALP ≥5 × ULN. The SAPS II ranges from 0 to 163, with higher scores indicating greater severity of illness. The ABSI ranges from 0 to 18, with higher scores indicating a greater probability of death after burn injury. The SOFA ranges from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating more severe organ failure.
ABSI, abbreviated burn severity index; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL, total bilirubin; DILI, drug-induced liver injury; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; ICU, intensive care unit; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ULN, upper limit of normal.
Data are presented as n (%) or median (IQR).
Pearson’s Chi-squared test, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, or Fisher’s exact test.