Table 2.
Results of single-level and multi-level regression models for mental (mcs) and physical (pcs) health outcomes.
| Clustering | Mcs (t0-t1) |
Pcs (t0-t1) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| crude |
baseline |
sociodemo |
Multi-level |
crude |
baseline |
sociodemo |
Multi-level |
|
| None | None | None | commune | None | None | None | commune | |
| Q1 (lowest) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 (moderate low) | −0.50127 | −0.75324 | −0.65064 | −0.79811 | 0.32600 | −0.15467 | −0.37882 | −0.37819 |
| (-2.49084–1.48831) | (-2.42165–0.91517) | (-2.35010–1.04881) | (-2.34261–0.74639) | (-1.05879–1.71078) | (-1.40125–1.09190) | (-1.57830–0.82066) | (-1.51849–0.76212) | |
| Q3 (moderate) | 1.74285 | 1.25732 | 0.84761 | 0.72053 | −1.22763 | −1.07762 | −1.39302 + | −1.39029+ |
| (-0.51096–3.99665) | (-0.84046–3.35511) | (-1.29738–2.99259) | (-1.25040–2.69145) | (-2.86243–0.40717) | (-2.72499–0.56976) | (-3.01694–0.23089) | (-2.93689–0.15631) | |
| Q4 (moderate high) | 1.25611 | 2.26323+ | 1.43071 | 1.62770 | −0.74277 | −1.82380+ | −2.18030* | −2.17586* |
| (-1.44027–3.95250) | (-0.08235–4.60881) | (-0.99137–3.85280) | (-0.68440–3.93980) | (-2.62103–1.13550) | (-3.71413–0.06653) | (-4.13708 - -0.22352) | (-3.95693 to −0.39479) | |
| Q5 (highest | 2.32923+ | 1.03105 | 0.29193 | 0.49907 | −0.10897 | −1.55074 | −1.69936 | −1.69727 |
| (-0.41426–5.07273) | (-2.10481–4.16690) | (-2.89800–3.48187) | (-2.43803–3.43617) | (-1.91416–1.69622) | (-3.86986–0.76838) | (-4.04041–0.64168) | (-4.00218–0.60763) | |
| mcst0 | −0.77460** | −0.80670** | −0.80364** | −0.53900** | −0.64767** | −0.64764** | ||
| (-0.82529 to −0.72392) | (-0.85728 to −0.75612) | (-0.85469 - -0.75259) | (-0.59126 to −0.48675) | (-0.70635 - -0.58898) | (-0.70467 to −0.59060) | |||
| Syria | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| Iraq | 0.42450 | 1.11572 | 1.16221 | −1.02644 | −0.96299 | −0.96526 | ||
| (-1.26303–2.11204) | (-0.59687–2.82831) | (-0.62459–2.94902) | (-2.42875–0.37587) | (-2.42283–0.49684) | (-2.47666–0.54615) | |||
| Afghanistan | −1.98632* | −1.44005 | −1.33101 | 0.40057 | 0.37876 | 0.37662 | ||
| (-3.89181 to −0.08083) | (-3.61314–0.73303) | (-3.54921–0.88719) | (-1.03585–1.83698) | (-1.16118–1.91870) | (-1.19872–1.95197) | |||
| other Asia | −2.46411* | −1.34425 | −1.33617 | 0.79758 | −0.19544 | −0.19698 | ||
| (-4.76889 to −0.15932) | (-3.92678–1.23828) | (-3.80064–1.12829) | (-0.88759–2.48276) | (-1.96692–1.57605) | (-2.00480–1.61085) | |||
| Africa | −0.31678 | 0.96725 | 1.08513 | 1.36869+ | 0.84263 | 0.84017 | ||
| (-2.25064–1.61708) | (-1.23029–3.16479) | (-1.11888–3.28914) | (-0.13068–2.86805) | (-0.74965–2.43491) | (-0.78122–2.46156) | |||
| other | 2.56795 | 4.94647** | 5.21193** | 0.60896 | 0.81110 | 0.80673 | ||
| (-0.55351–5.68941) | (1.37299–8.51994) | (1.52090–8.90297) | (-1.50849–2.72640) | (-1.61185–3.23405) | (-1.65784–3.27131) | |||
| Schleswig-Holstein | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||
| Hamburg | −2.99813 | −3.34634 | −3.77142 | −3.58719 | −5.02498* | −5.02692* | ||
| (-15.19942–9.20317) | (-15.49162–8.79894) | (-16.08110–8.53827) | (-7.91386–0.73948) | (-9.67931 - -0.37066) | (-9.62788 to −0.42595) | |||
| Lower Saxony | 0.00513 | 1.15511 | 0.88686 | −0.15978 | 0.96376 | 0.96303 | ||
| (-3.24069–3.25095) | (-2.16189–4.47211) | (-2.29248–4.06620) | (-2.74113–2.42156) | (-1.71991–3.64743) | (-1.57248–3.49855) | |||
| Bremen | −10.91682** | −10.56423** | −11.25464** | 1.97876 | 0.39863 | 0.39535 | ||
| (-15.56983 to −6.26382) | (-15.21309 to −5.91537) | (-15.89118 - -6.61810) | (-4.22012–8.17763) | (-6.44334–7.24060) | (-6.28337–7.07406) | |||
| Northrhine-Westphalia | 0.47871 | −0.12859 | −0.48130 | 0.12922 | −0.31877 | −0.32068 | ||
| (-2.43454–3.39196) | (-3.04408–2.78689) | (-3.33257–2.36997) | (-2.11463–2.37307) | (-2.61365–1.97612) | (-2.50996–1.86859) | |||
| Hessia | 0.34884 | 0.13470 | −0.21050 | 0.73186 | 0.88769 | 0.88580 | ||
| (-3.16169–3.85937) | (-3.34236–3.61175) | (-3.62579–3.20478) | (-1.81608–3.27979) | (-1.74260–3.51798) | (-1.66981–3.44141) | |||
| Rheinland-Palatinate | −1.57630 | −2.18993 | −2.33983 | −1.42270 | −1.58692 | −1.59122 | ||
| (-6.94676–3.79416) | (-7.20194–2.82208) | (-7.02863–2.34897) | (-5.04431–2.19890) | (-5.49048–2.31663) | (-5.34826–2.16582) | |||
| Baden-Wuerttemberg | −1.85005 | −2.79684+ | −3.20978* | 0.17156 | −0.30546 | −0.30658 | ||
| (-4.75682–1.05671) | (-5.90107–0.30739) | (-6.17921 - -0.24034) | (-2.04981–2.39293) | (-2.61676–2.00583) | (-2.47102–1.85787) | |||
| Bavaria | 1.34118 | 0.24065 | −0.22190 | −0.15065 | −0.76068 | −0.76419 | ||
| (-1.87601–4.55836) | (-3.04951–3.53082) | (-3.29990–2.85610) | (-2.57636–2.27506) | (-3.27286–1.75150) | (-3.11469–1.58630) | |||
| Saarland | −2.93125 | −4.81130 | −5.35011 + | 5.60788* | 4.84319* | 4.84013* | ||
| (-8.48843–2.62592) | (-10.82225–1.19964) | (-11.13013–0.42992) | (1.20261–10.01314) | (0.53482–9.15157) | (0.75687–8.92339) | |||
| Berlin | −5.72262** | −4.86092* | −5.07860* | −1.94746 | −1.93762 | −1.94286 | ||
| (-10.05416 to −1.39108) | (-9.16030 to −0.56154) | (-9.46537 - -0.69183) | (-5.92636–2.03144) | (-6.11960–2.24436) | (-6.06191–2.17619) | |||
| Brandenburg | 1.75662 | 1.07419 | 0.55473 | 1.72793 | 2.67059 | 2.66703 | ||
| (-3.04170–6.55495) | (-3.66984–5.81821) | (-3.95093–5.06039) | (-1.86027–5.31614) | (-1.31168–6.65285) | (-1.06147–6.39552) | |||
| Mecklenburg Western Pomerania | 0.07665 | 0.77937 | 0.28296 | 2.52918 | 1.75601 | 1.75101 | ||
| (-7.60588–7.75918) | (-7.37907–8.93782) | (-6.47647–7.04238) | (-2.55660–7.61496) | (-4.14633–7.65835) | (-3.51936–7.02138) | |||
| Saxony | −0.49940 | −0.33026 | −0.58567 | −0.41508 | 0.00108 | 0.00122 | ||
| (-5.55963–4.56082) | (-5.36209–4.70157) | (-5.16643–3.99508) | (-4.38833–3.55817) | (-4.17347–4.17564) | (-3.55921–3.56164) | |||
| Saxony-Anhalt | 0.78317 | 1.39673 | 0.83631 | 0.45726 | 1.58173 | 1.58045 | ||
| (-4.47002–6.03635) | (-3.93924–6.73270) | (-4.63029–6.30292) | (-4.42391–5.33844) | (-3.34924–6.51270) | (-3.09549–6.25638) | |||
| Thuringia | −0.94015 | −0.78338 | −1.18171 | 5.25399** | 4.31938* | 4.31501** | ||
| (-6.10007–4.21976) | (-6.30901–4.74225) | (-6.15955–3.79612) | (1.44387–9.06411) | (0.61694–8.02182) | (1.05863–7.57140) | |||
| male | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| female | −2.39329** | −2.44284** | −2.30777** | −2.30763** | ||||
| (-3.65866 to −1.12792) | (-3.69505 - -1.19062) | (-3.36401 - -1.25153) | (-3.37973 to −1.23553) | |||||
| Days since arrival | −0.00140 | −0.03713 | −0.22106** | −0.22107** | ||||
| (-0.00306–0.00027) | (-0.09747–0.02321) | (-0.27195 - -0.17017) | (-0.27135 to −0.17079) | |||||
| Education: low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Education: medium | −0.85088 | −0.79004 | 1.78191** | 1.78222** | ||||
| (-2.50812–0.80635) | (-2.44944–0.86937) | (0.57998–2.98384) | (0.54223–3.02222) | |||||
| Education: high | −0.27577 | −0.19783 | 2.49724** | 2.49732** | ||||
| (-1.93901–1.38747) | (-1.83203–1.43637) | (1.22557–3.76892) | (1.26260–3.73204) | |||||
| Age in years | −0.03180 | −0.00138 | 0.00002 | 0.00002 | ||||
| (-0.09061–0.02700) | (-0.00306–0.00030) | (-0.00147–0.00151) | (-0.00153–0.00157) | |||||
| Asylum seeker | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Asylum status | 2.17449* | 2.26814* | 0.45784 | 0.45629 | ||||
| (0.44156–3.90742) | (0.48387–4.05241) | (-0.78539–1.70107) | (-0.76578–1.67835) | |||||
| Temporary protection status | −1.68967 | −1.74457 | 0.21540 | 0.21548 | ||||
| (-4.12615–0.74681) | (-4.21394–0.72480) | (-1.43711–1.86790) | (-1.44531–1.87626) | |||||
| Observations | 1466 | 1466 | 1400 | 1400 | 1466 | 1466 | 1400 | |
| R-squared | 0.00483 | 0.41944 | 0.43855 | 0.00283 | 0.28434 | 0.34023 | ||
| adjusted R-squared | 0.00210 | 0.40936 | 0.42541 | 0.00010 | 0.27191 | 0.32478 | ||
| model degrees of freedom | 4 | 25 | 32 | 32 | 4 | 25 | 32 | |
| Number of clusters | 539 | 539 | ||||||
| Aikikes information criterion (AIC) | 10816.96 | 10039.14 | ||||||
| Bayes information criterion (BIC) | 11000.51 | 10222.69 | ||||||
| Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) | 0.04873 | 0.00073 | ||||||
| Neighbourhood intercept variance | 6.18383 | 0.05259 | ||||||
| Residual variance | 120.718 | 72.4004 | ||||||
| Likelihood-ratio test vs. linear model | 0.0296 | 0.4863 | ||||||
Mcs = mental health component summary scale; pcs = physical health component summary scale; Significance levels: + p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.