Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of the Variables
| Variable | All | Noncaregivera | Care locationb | Caregiver–care recipient relationshipc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coresidence | Extraresidence | Spouse | Child | Parent | Other relative | Nonrelative | |||
| GHQ-12 | 10.987 | 10.856**** | 12.266 | 11.277**** | 12.323 | 13.130**** | 11.602**** | 11.409*** | 10.898**** |
| (5.346) | (5.283) | (5.909) | (5.404) | (5.739) | (6.374) | (5.563) | (5.603) | (5.291) | |
| Degree | 0.197 | 0.205**** | 0.117 | 0.177**** | 0.086 | 0.1620**** | 0.1810**** | 0.1442**** | 0.162**** |
| (0.398) | (0.404) | (0.322) | (0.382) | (0.280) | (0.368) | (0.385) | (0.351) | (0.368) | |
| Age | 45.166 | 43.751**** | 52.365 | 51.216**** | 62.032 | 45.720**** | 48.436**** | 44.076**** | 54.169*** |
| (17.165) | (17.111) | (18.068) | (14.830) | (14.477) | (12.495) | (12.183) | (18.609) | (16.259) | |
| Married | 0.852 | 0.862**** | 0.864 | 0.778**** | 0.997 | 0.816**** | 0.886**** | 0.839**** | 0.855**** |
| (0.356) | (0.345) | (0.343) | (0.415) | (0.051) | (0.388) | (0.319) | (0.368) | (0.352) | |
| Widowed | 0.022 | 0.016**** | 0.018 | 0.064**** | 0.000 | 0.044**** | 0.010**** | 0.018**** | 0.0240**** |
| (0.148) | (0.126) | (0.134) | (0.245) | (0.009) | (0.206) | (0.098) | (0.132) | (0.153) | |
| Disabled | 0.213 | 0.198**** | 0.342 | 0.260**** | 0.404 | 0.347**** | 0.250**** | 0.253**** | 0.265**** |
| (0.410) | (0.398) | (0.474) | (0.439) | (0.491) | (0.476) | (0.433) | (0.435) | (0.441) | |
| Income | 7.094 | 7.103*** | 6.900 | 7.124**** | 6.845 | 7.208**** | 7.125**** | 6.9172**** | 6.962**** |
| (1.087) | (1.105) | (0.954) | (1.013) | (0.868) | (0.872) | (1.060) | (1.087) | (1.043) | |
| House ownership | 0.753 | 0.755 | 0.654 | 0.785**** | 0.672 | 0.578**** | 0.803**** | 0.734**** | 0.791**** |
| (0.431) | (0.430) | (0.476) | (0.411) | (0.470) | (0.494) | (0.398) | (0.442) | (0.407) | |
| Household size | 3.111 | 3.177**** | 3.236 | 2.625**** | 2.563 | 4.063**** | 3.124**** | 3.194**** | 2.775**** |
| (1.297) | (1.267) | (1.498) | (1.289) | (1.073) | (1.310) | (1.276) | (1.361) | (1.129) | |
| Work | 0.622 | 0.643**** | 0.373 | 0.596**** | 0.252 | 0.449**** | 0.670**** | 0.545**** | 0.469**** |
| (0.485) | (0.479) | (0.484) | (0.491) | (0.434) | (0.497) | (0.470) | (0.498) | (0.499) | |
| Retired | 0.183 | 0.163**** | 0.322 | 0.248**** | 0.532 | 0.103**** | 0.139**** | 0.213*** | 0.363**** |
| (0.386) | (0.369) | (0.467) | (0.432) | (0.499) | (0.304) | (0.346) | (0.410) | (0.481) | |
| Observation | 411,885 | 337,341 | 22,863 | 51,672 | 13,147 | 6,404 | 33,091 | 12,109 | 10,011 |
Notes: Mean and standard deviation (in parentheses) are reported, and effective sample sizes are used. GHQ-12 = General Health Questionnaire.
aMean-comparison tests between caregiver and noncaregivers are conducted.
bMean-comparison tests between the caregiver groups of Coresidence and Extraresidence are conducted.
cMean-comparison tests with spousal caregiver are conducted.
****p < .0001.
***p < .001.
**p < .01.
*p < .05.