Table 3.
Psychological Well-being and Caring Intensity by Caregiver–Care Recipient Relationship
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spouse | Child | Parent | Other relative | Nonrelative | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| 0–4 hr | 0.396*** | 0.037 | −0.071 | −0.180** | −0.183** |
| (0.202 to 0.590) | (−0.300 to 0.373) | (−0.156 to 0.014) | (−0.308 to −0.053) | (−0.303 to −0.063) | |
| 5–9 hr | 0.386*** | 0.089 | 0.201*** | 0.061 | −0.210 |
| (0.168 to 0.604) | (−0.279 to 0.458) | (0.095 to 0.307) | (−0.127 to 0.249) | (−0.437 to 0.017) | |
| 10–19 hr | 0.588*** | 0.288 | 0.377*** | 0.118 | −0.289 |
| (0.370 to 0.805) | (−0.054 to 0.629) | (0.243 to 0.511) | (−0.138 to 0.374) | (−0.626 to 0.048) | |
| 20–34 hr | 0.955*** | 0.322 | 0.641*** | 0.139 | −0.286 |
| (0.708 to 1.202) | (−0.041 to 0.685) | (0.438 to 0.844) | (−0.234 to 0.512) | (−0.820 to 0.248) | |
| 35–49 hr | 0.967*** | 0.188 | 0.351* | 0.483 | −0.065 |
| (0.652 to 1.283) | (−0.237 to 0.612) | (0.032 to 0.670) | (−0.098 to 1.064) | (−0.915 to 0.785) | |
| 50+ hr | 1.273*** | 0.692*** | 0.692*** | 0.189 | −0.446 |
| (1.088 to 1.459) | (0.434 to 0.950) | (0.421 to 0.963) | (−0.278 to 0.657) | (−1.093 to 0.201) | |
| Degree | 0.561*** | 0.569*** | 0.564*** | 0.553*** | 0.569*** |
| (0.423 to 0.699) | (0.431 to 0.708) | (0.430 to 0.699) | (0.418 to 0.689) | (0.433 to 0.706) | |
| Age | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.022 | 0.009 |
| (−0.053 to 0.059) | (−0.047 to 0.066) | (−0.047 to 0.062) | (−0.034 to 0.078) | (−0.047 to 0.065) | |
| Married | 0.056 | 0.045 | 0.071 | 0.053 | 0.064 |
| (−0.025 to 0.138) | (−0.036 to 0.126) | (−0.007 to 0.149) | (−0.027 to 0.133) | (−0.017 to 0.144) | |
| Widowed | 1.286*** | 1.254*** | 1.378*** | 1.231*** | 1.388*** |
| (1.000 to 1.572) | (0.960 to 1.548) | (1.092 to 1.663) | (0.936 to 1.526) | (1.093 to 1.683) | |
| Disabled | 0.888*** | 0.899*** | 0.882*** | 0.886*** | 0.881*** |
| (0.833 to 0.943) | (0.843 to 0.955) | (0.829 to 0.935) | (0.831 to 0.942) | (0.826 to 0.937) | |
| Income | 0.057 | 0.054 | 0.074 | 0.056 | 0.054 |
| (−0.030 to 0.143) | (−0.033 to 0.141) | (−0.009 to 0.158) | (−0.030 to 0.141) | (−0.032 to 0.140) | |
| Income square | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.003 |
| (−0.011 to 0.005) | (−0.011 to 0.005) | (−0.011 to 0.003) | (−0.010 to 0.005) | (−0.010 to 0.005) | |
| House ownership | −0.034 | −0.039 | −0.033 | −0.042 | −0.041 |
| (−0.113 to 0.045) | (−0.119 to 0.041) | (−0.111 to 0.045) | (−0.121 to 0.037) | (−0.121 to 0.038) | |
| Household size | 0.045*** | 0.037** | 0.040*** | 0.038** | 0.051*** |
| (0.020 to 0.069) | (0.013 to 0.062) | (0.017 to 0.064) | (0.014 to 0.062) | (0.026 to 0.075) | |
| Work | −0.864*** | −0.865*** | −0.889*** | −0.850*** | −0.863*** |
| (−0.928 to −0.799) | (−0.930 to −0.800) | (−0.951 to −0.826) | (−0.914 to −0.785) | (−0.927 to −0.798) | |
| Retired | −1.366*** | −1.421*** | −1.462*** | −1.384*** | −1.396*** |
| (−1.459 to −1.272) | (−1.518 to −1.324) | (−1.554 to −1.371) | (−1.480 to −1.288) | (−1.492 to −1.301) | |
| Constant | 10.154*** | 10.019*** | 9.994*** | 9.620*** | 9.962*** |
| (8.539 to 11.768) | (8.417 to 11.621) | (8.446 to 11.541) | (8.037 to 11.204) | (8.358 to 11.565) | |
| Observation | 350,488 | 343,745 | 370,432 | 349,450 | 347,352 |
| Number of individuals | 74,276 | 73,461 | 75,298 | 74,113 | 73,520 |
Notes: A fixed-effects model is applied. 95% confidence interval is given in parentheses. Year dummies are included in all models, but their coefficients are not reported, for brevity.
***p < .001.
**p < .01.
*p < .05.