Table 1.
Characteristics of the empirical and definitive cohorts
| Empirical therapy | Definitive therapy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Piperacillin/tazobactam, N = 211a | Carbapenem, N = 201a | Significanceb | Piperacillin/tazobactam, N = 150a | Carbapenem, N = 262a | Significanceb |
| Age | 74 (63–83) | 76 (67–82) | 74 (63–82) | 76 (65–82) | ||
| Female sex | 103/211 (49) | 88/201 (44) | 79/150 (53) | 112/262 (43) | ||
| Infection acquisition | ||||||
| Community-acquired | 102/211 (48) | 94/201 (47) | 72/150 (48) | 124/262 (47) | ||
| Hospital-acquired | 84/211 (40) | 81/201 (40) | 61/150 (41) | 104/262 (40) | ||
| Healthcare-associated | 25/211 (12) | 26/201 (13) | 17/150 (11) | 34/262 (13) | ||
| Source | ||||||
| UTI | 105/211 (50) | 107/201 (53) | 79/150 (53) | 133/262 (51) | ||
| Surgical site infection | 4/211 (1.9) | 3/201 (1.5) | 2/150 (1.3) | 5/262 (1.9) | ||
| Pneumonia | 3/211 (1.4) | 4/201 (2.0) | 2/150 (1.3) | 5/262 (1.9) | ||
| CVC-related | 3/211 (1.4) | 2/201 (1.0) | 2/150 (1.3) | 3/262 (1.1) | ||
| cIAI | 23/211 (11) | 11/201 (5.5) | 15/150 (10) | 19/262 (7.3) | ||
| Mucositis | 3/211 (1.4) | 1/201 (0.5) | 1/150 (0.7) | 3/262 (1.1) | ||
| ABSSTI | 1/211 (0.5) | 1/201 (0.5) | 0/150 (0) | 2/262 (0.8) | ||
| Biliary tract infection | 23/211 (11) | 19/201 (9.5) | 17/150 (11) | 25/262 (9.5) | ||
| Other | 4/211 (1.9) | 4/201 (2.0) | 1/150 (0.7) | 7/262 (2.7) | ||
| Unknown | 42/211 (20) | 49/201 (24) | 31/150 (21) | 60/262 (23) | ||
| Urinary/biliary tract infection | 128/211 (61) | 126/201 (63) | 96/150 (64) | 158/262 (60) | ||
| Immunocompromised | 39/211 (18) | 64/201 (32) | ** | 36/150 (24) | 67/262 (26) | |
| CVC | 46/199 (23) | 65/189 (34) | * | 30/140 (21) | 81/248 (33) | * |
| Long-term care in prior 90 days | 92/197 (47) | 111/186 (60) | * | 66/142 (46) | 137/241 (57) | |
| MDR isolation in prior 90 days | 18/184 (9.8) | 38/171 (22) | ** | 12/133 (9.0) | 44/222 (20) | ** |
| Antibiotic use in prior 30 days | 50/183 (27) | 66/173 (38) | * | 35/135 (26) | 81/221 (37) | * |
| Moderate to severe chronic kidney disease | 36/211 (17) | 45/201 (22) | 24/150 (16) | 57/262 (22) | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 141 (48–213) | 137 (38–195) | 156 (61–224) | 128 (39–192) | * | |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 4 (1–17) | 6 (1–20) | 4 (1–17) | 5 (1–21) | * | |
| CTX-M positive | 115/211 (55) | 112/201 (56) | 80/150 (53) | 147/262 (56) | ||
| TZP MIC (mg/L) | ||||||
| ≤4 | 144/211 (68) | 116/201 (58) | 121/150 (81) | 139/262 (53) | ||
| 8 | 44/211 (21) | 52/201 (26) | 22/150 (15) | 74/262 (28) | ||
| 16 | 6/211 (2.8) | 8/201 (4.0) | 1/150 (0.7) | 13/262 (5.0) | ||
| ≥32 | 17/211 (8.1) | 25/201 (12) | 6/150 (4.0) | 36/262 (14) | ||
| Meropenem MIC (mg/L) | ||||||
| ≤0.25 | 210/211 (100) | 199/201 (99) | 149/150 (99) | 260/262 (99) | ||
| 1 | 1/211 (0.5) | 0/201 (0) | 1/150 (0.7) | 0/262 (0) | ||
| 8 | 0/211 (0) | 2/201 (1.0) | 0/150 (0) | 2/262 (0.8) | ||
| Carbapenem definitive therapy | 81/211 (38) | 181/201 (90) | *** | 20/150 (13) | 181/262 (69) | *** |
| CCI | 6.00 (5.00–8.00) | 7.00 (5.00–9.00) | 6.00 (4.00–8.00) | 7.00 (5.00–8.00) | ||
| Pitt bacteraemia score | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | ||
| In-hospital 14 day mortality | 24/211 (11) | 18/201 (9.0) | 14/150 (9.3) | 28/262 (11) | ||
| In-hospital 30 day mortality | 29/211 (14) | 25/201 (12) | 17/150 (11) | 37/262 (14) | ||
TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam; ABSSTI, acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001.
aMedian (IQR) or frequency (%).
bWilcoxon rank-sum test; Fisher’s exact test.