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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2021 Nov 22;53(6):2389–2398. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721004268

Fig. 2. — (a). The mean standardized family genetic risk scores (FGRSs) (± 95% confidence intervals) for major depression (MD), anxiety disorders (AD), bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SZ), alcohol use disorder (AUD), drug use disorder (DUD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in individuals with MD only, AUD only and those with both MD and AUD – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the MD only and AUD only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (b). The mean standardized FGRS (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ASD in individuals with AD only, SZ only and those with both AD and SZ – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the AD only and SZ only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (c). The mean standardized FGRSs (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, ADHD and ASD in individuals with MD only, ASD only and those with both MD and ASD – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the MD only and ASD only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (d). The mean standardized FGRSs (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, ADHD and ASD in individuals with DUD only, SZ only and those with both DUD and SZ– the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/ Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the DUD only and SZ only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (e). The mean standardized FGRSs (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, ADHD and ASD in individuals with AUD only, BD only and those with both AUD and BD – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the AUD only and BD only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance.

Fig. 2. — (a). The mean standardized family genetic risk scores (FGRSs) (± 95% confidence intervals) for major depression (MD), anxiety disorders (AD), bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SZ), alcohol use disorder (AUD), drug use disorder (DUD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in individuals with MD only, AUD only and those with both MD and AUD – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the MD only and AUD only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (b). The mean standardized FGRS (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ASD in individuals with AD only, SZ only and those with both AD and SZ – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the AD only and SZ only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (c). The mean standardized FGRSs (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, ADHD and ASD in individuals with MD only, ASD only and those with both MD and ASD – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the MD only and ASD only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (d). The mean standardized FGRSs (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, ADHD and ASD in individuals with DUD only, SZ only and those with both DUD and SZ– the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/ Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the DUD only and SZ only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance. (e). The mean standardized FGRSs (± 95% confidence intervals) for MD, AD, BD, SZ, AUD, DUD, ADHD and ASD in individuals with AUD only, BD only and those with both AUD and BD – the comorbid cases. The sample sizes of these three groups are provided at the top of the figure. These FGRS scores are depicted on the Y-axis. The colors of the columns reflect the class of the disorders: Red/Black – Internalizing, Yellow/Dark Gray – Psychotic, Green/Medium Gray – Substance Use, and Blue/Light Gray – Developmental. Under each column for the AUD only and BD only samples, we list the signed magnitude of the difference observed between that FGRS and the parallel one for the comorbid cases, with a positive difference reflecting a higher FGRS in the comorbid sample. The second number reflects the p value of the difference. Given the large number of tests performed, we set a p < 0.0001 as a threshold for statistical significance.