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Causes of inadequate ESA response described in people
| Iron deficiency (absolute or functional) |
| Infection/inflammation |
| Chronic blood loss |
| Osteitis fibrosis |
| Aluminum toxicity |
| Hemoglobinopathy (sickle cell anemia, β-thalassemia) |
| Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Multiple myeloma |
| Malnutrition |
| Hemolysis |
| Dialysis-related carnitine deficiency |
| PRCA |
| ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor antagonists |
| Inadequate dialysis dose/frequency |
