Reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase levels in putamen with AT8-immunorepressive aggregates. Confocal microscopic images of putamen from no motor deficit (NMD; A–C), minimal motor deficits (MMD; D–F), minimal motor deficits with nigral Lewy body pathology (MMD-LB; G–I) and Parkinson’s disease (PD; J–L) illustrated immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; green; A, D, G and J), AT8 (red; B, E, H and K) and co-localization of TH and AT8 (merged; C, F, I and L). Note that TH immunofluorescent intensity was extensively reduced in MMD (D), MMD-LB (G) and PD groups (L) relative to NMD group (A). The AT8-labelled threads and punctuated dots (arrows; E, H and K) were TH immunonegative (arrows; F, I and L). Scale bar in L = 40 µm (applies to all panels). Measurements of TH-immunorepressive (ir) intensity (M) further revealed that TH-ir fibres were significantly reduced in the putamen with tau aggregates in MMD, MMD-LB and PD group. ***P < 0.001 related to NMD group, ###P < 0.001 related to MMD group and $$$P < 0.001 related to MMD-LB group. Data: mean ± standard deviation. AFU = arbitrary fluorescence units.