. 2023 Nov 20;15(1):45–54. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13301

Table 1.

Main characteristics of study participants (n = 12 864)

Variables	Age groups (years)
Whole sample	18–30 (n = 905)	31–40 (n = 1123)	41–50 (n = 2214)	51–60 (n = 3426)	61–70 (n = 2983)	71–80 (n = 1863)	81+ (n = 350)	F	P value	χ ²	P value
Age (years)	24.8 ± 3.6	35.9 ± 2.8	46.2 ± 2.8	55.5 ± 2.7	65.5 ± 2.8	74.8 ± 2.7	83.9 ± 3.1	504 602.9	<0.001	1234.6	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	22.5 ± 3.6	24.0 ± 2.8	25.0 ± 4.3	25.5 ± 4.2	26.2 ± 4.1	26.5 ± 4.1	26.1 ± 3.7	139.4	<0.001	961.3	<0.001
Weight (kg)	65.8 ± 13.2	70.4 ± 14.9 ^a	72.1 ± 15.2 ^a , ^b	71.7 ± 14.6 ^a	71.6 ± 13.9 ^a	70.6 ± 12.6 ^a , ^c	68.9 ± 11.9 ^a , ^c , ^d , ^e	26.5	<0.001	149.1	<0.001
Height (m)	1.70 ± 0.9	1.70 ± 0.9	1.69 ± 0.9 ^b	1.67 ± 0.9 ^a , ^b , ^c	1.64 ± 0.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	1.63 ± 0.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	1.62 ± 0.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	164.5	<0.001	833.2	<0.001
Calf circumference (cm)	35.5 ± 3.5	36.0 ± 3.4 ^a	36.1 ± 3.5 ^a	35.9 ± 3.6 ^a , ^b , ^c	35.3 ± 3.4 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	34.7 ± 3.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	34.2 ± 3.2 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	48.9	<0.001	290.7	<0.001
ASM (kg)	19.2 ± 5.1	19.8 ± 5.1	19.2 ± 5.1	18.7 ± 5.2 ^b , ^c	18.0 ± 5.2 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	17.5 ± 5.0 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	17.3 ± 5.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	40.2	<0.001	264.1	<0.001
Sit‐to‐stand (s)	6.4 ± 1.4	6.7 ± 1.6	7.0 ± 1.7 ^a , ^b	7.6 ± 1.9 ^a , ^b , ^c	8.3 ± 2.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	9.5 ± 2.8 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	10.9 ± 3.7 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^e , ^f	513.3	<0.001	2613.7	<0.001
Muscle power
Absolute (W)	372.6 ± 119.0	384.6 ± 120.2	371.7 ± 124.2 ^b	337.1 ± 115.1 ^a , ^b , ^c	299.6 ± 103.5 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	259.5 ± 92.2 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	223.9 ± 87.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	333.4	<0.001	1864.7	<0.001
Relative (W/kg)	5.63 ± 1.24	5.45 ± 1.19 ^a	5.13 ± 1.22 ^a , ^b	4.67 ± 1.17 ^a , ^b , ^c	4.16 ± 1.08 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	3.64 ± 1.03 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	3.21 ± 1.04 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	676.9	<0.001	3258.8	<0.001
Allometric (W/m²)	126.7 ± 32.8	130.5 ± 33.6	127.8 ± 35.4	118.7 ± 33.4 ^a , ^b , ^c	108.5 ± 30.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	96.1 ± 29.2 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	83.3 ± 28.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	307.8	<0.001	1730.5	<0.001
Specific (W/kg)	9.2 ± 2.3	9.3 ± 2.3	9.1 ± 2.4	8.4 ± 2.3 ^a , ^b , ^c	7.6 ± 2.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	6.6 ± 1.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	5.7 ± 1.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	398.0	<0.001	2177.1	<0.001
Men	18–30 (n = 369)	31–40 (n = 541)	41–50 (n = 966)	51–60 (n = 1430)	61–70 (n = 1282)	71–80 (n = 875)	81+ (n = 184)	F	P value	χ ²	P value
Age (years)	24.4 ± 3.8	36.1 ± 2.7	46.0 ± 2.8	55.6 ± 2.7	65.6 ± 2.9	74.8 ± 2.7	84.2 ± 3.3	24 590.2	<0.001	5434.4	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	23.6 ± 3.3	25.2 ± 3.6	26.1 ± 3.8	26.4 ± 3.7	27.1 ± 3.8	26.6 ± 3.3	26.2 ± 3.3	50.4	<0.001	337.8	<0.001
Weight (kg)	74.7 ± 11.3	79.4 ± 12.2 ^a	82.0 ± 12.9 ^a , ^b	81.2 ± 12.4 ^a	80.5 ± 12.4 ^a	77.1 ± 10.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	74.9 ± 9.7 ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	32.3	<0.001	187.8	<0.001
Height (m)	1.77 ± 0.7	1.77 ± 0.6	1.76 ± 0.6	1.74 ± 0.6 ^a , ^b , ^c	1.72 ± 0.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	1.69 ± 0.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	1.68 ± 0.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	154.2	<0.001	809.0	<0.001
Calf circumference (cm)	36.6 ± 3.7	37.0 ± 3.1	37.2 ± 3.3	37.1 ± 3.3	36.4 ± 3.2 ^b , ^c , ^d	35.5 ± 3.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	35.0 ± 3.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	36.0	<0.001	220.1	<0.001
ASM (kg)	24.5 ± 2.8	24.4 ± 2.4	24.3 ± 2.5	24.0 ± 2.5 ^a , ^b	23.1 ± 2.4 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	22.2 ± 2.4 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	21.5 ± 2.5 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	108.2	<0.001	617.4	<0.001
Sit‐to‐stand (s)	6.5 ± 1.4	6.8 ± 1.3 ^a	7.0 ± 1.8 ^a	7.4 ± 1.7 ^a , ^b , ^c	8.1 ± 1.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	9.0 ± 2.4 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	10.4 ± 3.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	198.2	<0.001	1016.3	<0.001
Muscle power
Absolute (W)	444.3 ± 119.5	448.5 ± 113.9	449.1 ± 122.4	414.0 ± 111.6 ^a , ^b , ^c	368.3 ± 102.0 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	313.7 ± 87.4 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	267.1 ± 80.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	221.6	<0.001	1168.7	<0.001
Relative (W/kg)	5.93 ± 1.24	5.64 ± 1.12 ^a	5.47 ± 1.21 ^a	5.10 ± 1.17 ^a , ^b , ^c	4.58 ± 1.11 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	4.07 ± 1.01 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	3.57 ± 1.02 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	271.0	<0.001	1355.9	<0.001
Allometric (W/m²)	140.2 ± 33.5	142.1 ± 32.2	143.1 ± 36.0	134.7 ± 33.5 ^b , ^c	123.4 ± 31.4 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	108.2 ± 28.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	93.7 ± 28.2 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	160.9	<0.001	894.2	<0.001
Specific (W/kg)	9.7 ± 2.4	9.8 ± 2.3	9.9 ± 2.5	9.2 ± 2.3 ^a , ^b , ^c	8.3 ± 2.2 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	7.2 ± 1.9 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	6.2 ± 1.8 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	183.4	<0.001	994.2	<0.001
Women	18–30 (n = 536)	31–40 (n = 582)	41–50 (n = 1248)	51–60 (n = 1996)	61–70 (n = 1701)	71–80 (n = 988)	81+ (n = 166)	F	P value	χ ²	P value
Age (years)	25.0 ± 3.5	35.7 ± 2.8	46.4 ± 2.7	55.4 ± 2.8	65.4 ± 2.8	74.7 ± 2.7	83.6 ± 2.9	30 123.6	<0.001	6909.4	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	21.7 ± 2.5	22.8 ± 4.2	24.1 ± 4.5	24.8 ± 4.4	25.6 ± 4.2	26.4 ± 4.7	25.9 ± 4.1	99.7	<0.001	727.8	<0.001
Weight (kg)	59.6 ± 10.6	62.0 ± 12.0 ^a	64.5 ± 12.3 ^a , ^b	64.9 ± 12.1 ^a , ^b	64.8 ± 10.9 ^a , ^b	64.9 ± 11.1 ^a , ^b	62.3 ± 10.5	20.3	<0.001	156.9	<0.001
Height (m)	1.65 ± 0.6	1.64 ± 0.6	1.63 ± 6.6 ^a	1.61 ± 0.6 ^a , ^b , ^c	1.59 ± 0.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	1.67 ± 0.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	1.55 ± 0.7 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	192.1	<0.001	1006.5	<0.001
Calf circumference (cm)	34.7 ± 3.2	35.1 ± 3.4	35.3 ± 3.5 ^a	35.0 ± 3.5	34.5 ± 3.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	33.9 ± 3.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	33.2 ± 3.3 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	24.1	<0.001	143.5	<0.001
ASM (kg)	15.5 ± 2.5	15.5 ± 2.6	15.3 ± 2.7	14.8 ± 2.7 ^a , ^b , ^c	14.1 ± 2.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	13.4 ± 2.6 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	12.7 ± 2.5 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	91.1	<0.001	540.3	<0.001
Sit‐to‐stand (s)	6.4 ± 1.4	6.6 ± 1.8	7.1 ± 1.6 ^a , ^b	7.8 ± 2.0 ^a , ^b , ^c	8.5 ± 2.2 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	9.9 ± 3.0 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	11.5 ± 4.0 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	330.6	<0.001	1641.0	<0.001
Muscle power
Absolute (W)	323.3 ± 90.0	325.2 ± 92.2	311.7 ± 87.0 ^b	282.0 ± 82.3 ^a , ^b , ^c	247.7 ± 68.7 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	211.5 ± 66.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	176.0 ± 66.5 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	300.6	<0.001	1590.7	<0.001
Relative (W/kg)	5.43 ± 1.19	5.27 ± 1.23	4.86 ± 1.16 ^a	4.36 ± 1.07 ^a , ^b , ^c	3.84 ± 0.94 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	3.27 ± 0.90 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	2.82 ± 0.92 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	502.7	<0.001	2232.9	<0.001
Allometric (W/m²)	117.4 ± 28.8	119.6 ± 31.1	116.0 ± 30.1	107.3 ± 28.3 ^a , ^b , ^c	97.3 ± 24.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	85.5 ± 25.1 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	71.8 ± 23.7 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	225.8	<0.001	1214.2	<0.001
Specific (W/kg)	8.8 ± 2.2	8.9 ± 2.2	8.5 ± 2.1	7.8 ± 2.1 ^a , ^b , ^c	7.0 ± 1.8 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d	6.1 ± 1.8 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e	5.2 ± 1.8 ^a , ^b , ^c , ^d , ^e , ^f	263.9	<0.001	1398.4	<0.001

Note: Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle; BMI, body mass index.

^{^a}

P < 0.05 versus 18–30.

^{^b}

P < 0.05 versus 31–40.

^{^c}

P < 0.05 versus 41–50.

^{^d}

P < 0.05 versus 51–60.

^{^e}

P < 0.05 versus 61–70.

^{^f}

P < 0.05 versus 71–80.