Table 2.
Application of modified adaptive IEXs for enhancing cancer treatment.
| Source | Type of modification | Molecule involved in modification | Target cancer | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B cells | Heat shock | - | CT-26 | - Induction of DC maturation, Th1 activity, and antigen-specific CTL response | 92 |
| Freeze-thaw and incubation | ZnO NCs (freeze-thaw) and anti-CD20 antibody (incubation) | Daudi |
- Increase in tumor-targeting ability - Reduction in viability of cancer cells |
94 | |
| CD4+ T cells | Incubation | IL-2 | B16F10 and SK-MEL-28 | - Increase in CD8+ T cell proliferation and activity | 25 |
| MTFP | IL-2 | B16F10 and SK-MEL-28 |
- Increase in CD8+ T cell activity and proliferation - Downregulation of PD-L1 expressed on both cancer cells and their exosomes |
33 | |
| CD8+ T cells | MTFP | IL-2 and anti-EGFR antibody | A549 |
- Enhancement of tumor-targeting ability - Reduction in exosome secretion in cancer cells - Augmentation of cancer cell cytotoxicity |
34 |
| Lentiviral infection | PD-1 | B16F10 |
- Neutralization of PD-L1 - Reinvigoration of CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation capacity - Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells |
103 | |
| Incubation | IL-12 | - | - Activation of naive bystander CD8+ T cells | 26 | |
| Lentiviral infection | Mesothelin-targeted CAR | BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 |
- Augmentation of tumor-targeting ability - Elimination of cancer cells without side effects |
105 | |
| Lentiviral infection | EGFR-targeted CAR and HER2-targeted CAR | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, HCC827, and SK-BR-3 |
- Increase in tumor-targeting ability - Induction of cancer cell death without side effects |
106 |
Th1 T helper 1, ZnO NCs zinc oxide nanocrystals, MTFP membrane-tethering technology for proteins, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1, CAR chimeric antigen receptor, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.