Fig. 1.

Glymphatic dysfunction in MPTP-induced PD mice. A-B: After 30 min of intracisternal infusion, ex vivo fluorescence imaging shows the small (A594; MW, 759D, red) molecular weight tracer influx into the brain parenchyma (n = 4 per group). C: Quantification of the mean intensity of A594 penetration into the whole brain parenchyma. D: Distribution of CSF tracers along penetrating arterioles in the striatum and midbrain slices. White arrows indicate a perivascular drainage tracer. E: Quantification of the mean intensity of A594 penetration within defined brain regions. F-G: After 120 min of intra-striatal infusion, ex vivo fluorescence imaging shows the small- (A594; red) and large- (FITC-d2000; MW, 2,000 k_D, green) molecular weight tracers coverage in the brain parenchyma (n = 4–5 per group). H: Quantification of the mean intensity of the remaining fluorescent tracer in the brain parenchyma. I: Distribution of CSF tracers (A594 and FITC-2000) in a striatum slice. Data is presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. Student’s t-test in (C) and (H), two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test in (E). Scale bars are indicated. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)