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. 2023 Mar 7;56:1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.001

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) enriches specific Lactobacillus species and improves intestinal barrier function of neonatal piglets. (A) Body weight of piglets. (B) Principal coordinates analysis plot of unweighted unifrac distances of the fecal microbiota among different groups of piglets. (C) Differential enrichment analysis of the fecal microbial community. (D) Relative abundances of dominant fecal lactobacilli on d 21. (E) Fecal concentrations of SCFAs on d 21. The expression levels of tight junction proteins (F) and mRNA expression levels of cytokines (G) in the colonic segments are shown. (H) Spearman correlation analysis of lactobacilli, SCFAs, and intestinal barrier parameters. CON, piglets administered saline; GOS, piglets administered with galactooligosaccharides; OCLN, occludin; CLDN-1, claudin-1; ZO-1, zonula occludin-1, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-22, interleukin-22. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01.