Table 2.
Odds of Implementing Different Types of MOUD Accommodations Over COVID-19 Time Periods, Among MOUD Providers Who Had Not Already Implemented Accommodation Before COVID-19, Arizona 2021
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | Model 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accommodation type | Telehealth | Buprenorphine induction through telehealth | Multiday dosing | License reciprocity | Home delivery | |||||
| Covariates | ||||||||||
| Higher patient limit (100 or 275) (ref category: patient limit=30) | 3.5a (2.3) | 4.2* (3.0) | 5.4** (3.1) | 5.4** (3.1) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.3) | 16.2* (17.7) | 21.9** (24.4) | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.1) |
| Rural provider (ref category: urban provider) | 0.25a (0.20) | 0.24a (0.20) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.2 (0.85) | 0.77 (0.63) | 0.63 (0.49) | 0.35 (0.41) | 0.26 (0.31) | 1.9 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.6) |
| Provider offering methadone (ref category: provider does not offer methadone) | 0.95 (0.68) | — | 1.6 (0.96) | — | 11*** (7.2) | — | 0.49 (0.36) | — | 0.46 (0.40) | — |
| Stand-alone methadone clinic (ref category: other healthcare facility) | — | 0.61 (0.63) | — | 0.94 (0.73) | — | 32.7** (36.2) | 0.20a (0.19) | — | 0.67 (0.80) | |
| SUD clinic (excluding stand-alone OTPs) (ref category: other healthcare facility) | — | 0.53 (0.47) | — | 1.2 (0.89) | — | 3.4a (2.3) | 0.17 (0.20) | — | 1.7 (1.5) | |
| Constant | 1.13 (0.55) | 1.23 (0.59) | 0.25** (0.13) | 0.29* (0.14) | 0.22** (0.11) | 0.26** (.13) | 0.04** (0.04) | 0.05** (0.05) | 0.22* (0.13) | 0.18** (0.11) |
| Number of observations (number of providers who had not already implemented examined accommodation) | 50 | 50 | 63 | 63 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 53 | 53 |
Note: Boldfaces indicate statistical significance (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
Two models are presented for each outcome owing to the high collinearity between the medication-type variable and the practice-setting variables. The coefficients presented are in the form of ORs with corresponding SEs below in parentheses.
a
p<0.10.
MOUD, medication for opioid use disorder; OTP, opioid treatment program; SUD, substance use disorder.