. 2024 Jan 18;10(2):e24684. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24684

Table 9.

Regression - The ability of the drivers of open user innovation to determine the usefulness of the open innovation to the SMEs.

Variable	Description	Satisfactory organisation performance (OP) – standardised $β$ coefficients [t-stat]		Desired outcome reached (DO) – standardised $β$ coefficients [t-stat]		Competitive advantage (CA) – standardised $β$ coefficients [t-stat]
Variable	Description	Kuwait	Australia	Kuwait	Australia	Kuwait	Australia
M1	Client involvement	0.312 [3.90]^a	0.219 [7.11]^a	0.412 [14.55]^a	0.012 [1.82]	0.112 [0.89]	0.24 [13.1]^a
M2	Suppliers/subcontractors involvement	0.012 [0.57]	−0.31 [13.17]^a	−0.06 [-0.92]	0.04 [0.61]	−0.043 [-2.18]	0.052 [0.91]
M3	Consultant involvement	−0.25 [-5.3]^a	0.018 [0.86]	0.518 [10.37]^a	0.291 [7.04]^a	0.220 [10.94]^a	0.071 [0.63]
M4	Involvement of external business partners led to new open innovations	0.04 [0.41]	0.0541 [0.75]	0.01 [0.91]	0.142 [1.52]	0.21 [1.41]	−0.034 [-2.09]
M5	Communication between organisation and competitors	0.076 [0.57]	0.031 [0.69]	−0.034 [-1.41]	−0.078 [-0.77]	0.05 [1.54]	0.143 [1.42]
M6	Knowledge by research organisations	0.012 [0.42]	0.214 [28.72]^a	0.0157 [0.63]	−0.027 [-0.81]	−0.12 [-2.11]	0.11 [0.74]
M7	Knowledge by education centres	0.010 [1.11]	−0.2 [-0.73]	−0.14 [-0.55]	−0.13 [-1.52]	0.11 [0.71]	0.06 [1.39]
M8	Subsidies	0.33 [5.81]^a	−0.09 [-1.22]	0.41 [3.91]^a	0.12 [1.01]	−0.18 [-0.51]	−0.09 [-1.93]
M9	Regulation enforcement	−0.01 [-0.47]	−0.15 [-1.46]	0.37 [19.87]^a	0.08 [0.64]	−0.02 [-0.53]	−0.14 [-0.91]
M10	Access to programs	0.05 [0.66]	0.11 [0.78]	0.29 [31.39]^a	0.18 [0.73]	−0.03 [-0.83]	−0.11 [-0.79]
M11	Leadership strategies	0.37 [24.6]^a	0.46 [8.09]^a	0.29 [4.21]^a	0.18 [3.97]^a	0.30 [12.72]^a	0.30 [3.77]^a
M12	Coordination between management and workers	0.12 [0.92]	−0.09 [-0.66]	0.05 [1.47]	0.01 [2.07]	−0.12 [-0.74]	−0.11 [-0.95]
M13	Presence of innovation champion	−0.07 [-0.73]	0.08 [1.11]	0.02 [0.85]	−0.09 [-1.23]	0.41 [19.1]^a	0.32 [31.06]^a
M14	Pressure from world markets	−0.10 [-0.55]	0.08 [0.49]	−0.09 [-1.53]	0.12 [0.65]	−0.03 [-0.54]	0.01 [1.42]
$R^{2}$		0.55	0.61	0.66	0.53	0.67	0.54
Adjusted $R^{2}$		0.49	0.53	0.59	0.57	0.61	0.75

level of significance: *p < 0.05.