Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetes with and without metabolic syndrome
|
Parameter
|
MS (-), n = 85
|
MS (+), n = 16
|
P value
|
| Age (yr) | 30.87 ± 16.44 | 31.50 ± 8.63 | 0.823 |
| Duration | 11.04 ± 9.17 | 12.96 ± 5.08 | 0.421 |
| Male (%) | 38 (44.71) | 7 (43.75) | 0.944 |
| Smoking (%) | 2 (2.35) | 0 (0) | 0.535 |
| Drinking (%) | 3 (3.53) | 2 (12.50) | 0.129 |
| Family history of Diabetes (presence) (%) | 17 (20.00) | 11 (68.75) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin regimen | |||
| Insulin pump | 16 | 3 | 0.746 |
| Basal-bolus insulin | 66 | 13 | |
| Pre-mix insulin | 3 | 0 | |
| Insulin dose (IU/kg) | 0.86 ± 0.38 | 0.76 ± 0.27 | 0.775 |
| Frequency of hypoglycemia (times/month) | 2.89 ± 3.24 | 1.43 ± 1.46 | 0.082 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.92 ± 13.95 | 130.50 ± 11.49 | 0.011 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.45 ± 9.77 | 87.00 ± 6.71 | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.82 ± 2.57 | 27.13 ± 4.07 | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 66.91 ± 7.26 | 85.63 ± 10.42 | < 0.001 |
| ZnT8 (+) (%) | 18 (21.18) | 0 (0) | 0.042 |
| IA2 (+) (%) | 29 (34.12) | 3 (18.75) | 0.225 |
| GAD (+) (%) | 37 (43.53) | 3 (18.75) | 0.063 |
| TPOAb (+) (%) | 52 (61.18) | 2 (12.50) | 0.009 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.81 ± 0.48 | 1.29 ± 0.42 | < 0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.69 ± 0.99 | 3.50 ± 0.90 | 0.003 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.83 ± 0.46 | 1.85 ± 0.88 | < 0.001 |
| CHOL (mmol/L) | 4.73 ± 1.15 | 5.44 ± 1.24 | 0.029 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 317.72 ± 90.24 | 417.63 ± 128.40 | < 0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.35 ± 4.20 | 8.51 ± 5.29 | 0.894 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.34 ± 1.42 | 7.69 ± 1.91 | 0.388 |
| eGDR | 8.42 ± 1.88 | 4.02 ± 0.87 | < 0.001 |
SBP: Significantly higher systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; UA: Uric acid; CHOL: Cholesterol; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; eGDR: Estimated glucose disposal rate.