Table 3.
The association of functional dyspepsia, rumination syndrome and the overlap group of both with the examined risk factors in a multivariate regression model.
| Risk factor | Group | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Functional dyspepsia | Overlap | Rumination syndrome | |
| Demographic and exposure risk factors | |||
| Female gender | 2.04 (1.33–3.10) | 3.22 (1.19–8.47) | 1.79 (1.21–2.63) |
| Smoking | - | - | 1.89 (1.28–2.78) |
| Diet risk factors | |||
| Gluten free diet (current or previous) | - | - | 1.58 (1.14–2.19) |
| Non-coeliac wheat sensitivity | 4.35 (2.15–9.80) | - | |
| Medical co-morbidities | |||
| Asthma | - | 3.02 (1.44–6.34) | - |
| Allergic rhinitis | - | 1.45 (1.01–2.08) | |
| Migraine | 1.53 (1.06–2.21) | - | |
| IBS (diagnostic code) | 1.85 (1.21–2.82) | - | |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | - | 3.93 (1.28–12.06) | - |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 2.64 (1.20–5.81) | ||
| Psychiatric comorbidities | |||
| Major depression (diagnostic code) | 1.47 (1.02–2.11) | - | - |
| HADS- Depression | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | - | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) |
| HADS- Anxiety | - | 1.22 (1.12–1.32) | - |
| SSC | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | - | - |
Abbreviations: IBS: irritable bowel syndrome. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. SSC: Somatic Symptom Checklist.