Table 4.
Utility values of IYS levels for caregivers of justice-involved and non-justice-involved youth, and between-group MANOVA Pillai’s Trace statistic on attributes with follow-up Bonferroni corrected ANOVA results on levels.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JUSTICE-INVOLVED | NON-JUSTICE-INVOLVED | |||||||
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| ATTRIBUTE LEVELS | n = 46 | n = 204 | V | F(df) | p | ηP2 | ||
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| M | SD | M | SD | |||||
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| 1. Core Health Services | .261 | 28.92 (3,246) | <.001 | .261 | ||||
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| Only mental health counseling. | –59.82 | 12.05 | –43.56 | 16.00 | 42.11 (1) | <.001* | .145 | |
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| Mental health and substance misuse counseling. | 15.00 | 12.01 | –2.22 | 13.50 | 63.49 (1) | <.001* | .204 | |
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| Mental health and substance misuse counseling, and medication management. | 14.87 | 10.59 | 11.33 | 12.30 | 3.27 (1) | .072 | .013 | |
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| Mental health and substance misuse counseling, medication management, and physical/sexual health. | 29.95 | 16.50 | 34.45 | 20.88 | 1.87 (1) | .173 | .007 | |
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| 2. Other Services | .091 | 8.19 (3,246) | <.001 | .091 | ||||
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| Education and employment services. | –5.65 | 19.27 | –9.28 | 18.93 | 1.37 (1) | .243 | .005 | |
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| Housing, shelter and income support services. | 16.57 | 17.41 | 18.11 | 20.68 | .220 (1) | .640 | .001 | |
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| Legal support services. | –62.72 | 14.32 | –52.42 | 17.28 | 14.17 (1) | <.001* | .054 | |
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| Choice of education, employment, housing, income support, and legal support services. | 51.80 | 11.96 | 43.58 | 12.16 | 17.27 (1) | <.001* | .065 | |
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| 3. Caregiver Involvement | .160 | 15.60 (3,246) | <.001 | .160 | ||||
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| No caregiver involvement. | –83.90 | 19.29 | –84.22 | 20.67 | .009 (1) | .925 | .000 | |
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| Caregivers receive own counseling. | –5.37 | 17.65 | 15.16 | 21.29 | 37.01 (1) | <.001* | .130 | |
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| Caregivers involved in family counseling with youth, with youth consent. | 51.23 | 21.14 | 34.51 | 21.29 | 23.21 (1) | <.001* | .086 | |
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| Caregivers involved in decisions regarding youth counseling, with youth consent. | 38.05 | 17.46 | 34.55 | 20.71 | 1.13 (1) | .288 | .005 | |
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| 4. Peer Support | .138 | 13.07 (3,246) | <.001 | .138 | ||||
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| Recreational activities led by trained peer support worker. | –22.72 | 13.63 | –28.93 | 16.36 | 5.73 (1) | .017 | .023 | |
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| Can talk to a trained peer support worker, upon request. | –9.66 | 12.03 | 2.57 | 15.50 | 25.19 (1) | <.001* | .092 | |
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| Mental health groups run solely by a trained peer support worker. | –7.31 | 17.44 | –11.49 | 21.69 | 1.49 (1) | .224 | .006 | |
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| Youth can be matched to an ongoing trained peer support worker to learn life skills and help them with services they need. | 39.69 | 15.05 | 37.85 | 18.82 | .384 (1)a | .536 | .002 | |
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| 5. Cultural Sensitivity | .392 | 52.96 (3,246) | <.001 | .392 | ||||
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| Cultural background is not considered when picking a service or service provider. | –2.85 | 20.01 | –27.36 | 21.04 | 51.81 (1) | <.001* | .173 | |
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| Can ask for a service provider with a certain cultural background, when available. | –10.70 | 11.83 | 9.33 | 11.13 | 118.78 (1) | <.001* | .324 | |
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| Services are culturally sensitive and trauma-informed. | 30.39 | 22.08 | 26.14 | 26.85 | .998 (1) | .319 | .004 | |
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| Culturally-based services are available for cultures common in the local area. | –16.84 | 14.58 | –8.11 | 16.41 | 11.04 (1) | <.001* | .043 | |
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| 6. E-Health Services | .079 | 7.02 (3,246) | <.001 | .079 | ||||
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| No e-health or electronic services. | –41.09 | 18.33 | –51.33 | 23.07 | 7.92 (1) | .005* | .031 | |
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| Can schedule or reschedule appointments via email, text or online. | 24.28 | 11.95 | 34.52 | 15.93 | 16.82 (1)a | <.001* | .064 | |
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| E-health services are offered 24/7 alongside in-person services during office hours. | 56.69 | 15.13 | 56.37 | 21.32 | .009 (1) | .924 | .000 | |
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| All services are delivered only through a website, e-mail, text, or phone app. | –39.88 | 19.94 | –39.56 | 22.40 | .008 (1) | .929 | .000 | |
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| 7. Age Range | .100 | 9.07 (3,246) | <.001 | .100 | ||||
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| Services for ages 12–24, in a youth-only setting. | –2.58 | 21.68 | 12.55 | 23.16 | 16.38 (1) | <.001* | .062 | |
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| Services for ages 12–29, in a youth-only setting. | 28.22 | 14.18 | 24.50 | 21.74 | 1.23 (1)a | .269 | .005 | |
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| Services for ages 12–24, in a setting that also has services for children 0–12. | –39.26 | 18.27 | –43.54 | 22.92 | 1.40 (1) | .238 | .006 | |
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| Services for ages 12–29, in a setting that also has services for adults 29+. | 13.62 | 27.42 | 6.49 | 33.49 | 1.81 (1) | .180 | .007 | |
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| 8. Time of Appointments | .133 | 12.55 (3,246) | <.001 | .133 | ||||
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| Monday to Friday, 9AM-5PM. | –51.71 | 16.37 | –44.82 | 21.84 | 4.06 (1) | .045 | .016 | |
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| Monday to Friday, 9AM-9PM. | –11.77 | 14.69 | –12.69 | 19.10 | .096 (1)a | .757 | .000 | |
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| Monday to Friday, 9AM-9PM, and Saturday, 9AM-5PM. | 44.18 | 14.86 | 28.36 | 17.46 | 32.44 (1) | <.001* | .116 | |
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| 24/7. | 19.29 | 25.40 | 29.15 | 32.07 | 3.81 (1)a | .052 | .015 | |
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| 9. Wait Time | .155 | 15.08 (3,246) | <.001 | .155 | ||||
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| See a counselor for the first time immediately, during office hours. | 63.09 | 17.39 | 72.18 | 20.37 | 7.86 (1) | .005* | .031 | |
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| See a counselor for the first time after about 72 hours. | 23.16 | 12.60 | 37.63 | 14.56 | 38.83 (1) | <.001* | .135 | |
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| See a counselor for the first time after about 1 month. | –36.98 | 16.24 | –46.70 | 17.85 | 11.49 (1) | .001* | .044 | |
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| See a counselor for the first time after more than 1 month. | –49.27 | 20.23 | –63.10 | 22.09 | 15.17 (1) | <.001* | .058 | |
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| 10. Location | .143 | 13.63 (3,246) | <.001 | .143 | ||||
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| Building or office in the community that specializes in mental health services. | 53.16 | 14.61 | 39.42 | 18.54 | 22.14 (1) | <.001* | .082 | |
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| Youth cafe and recreation centre. | 1.66 | 21.00 | 21.52 | 25.40 | 24.35 (1) | <.001* | .089 | |
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| Hospital or doctor’s office. | –11.50 | 15.62 | –15.26 | 23.68 | 1.06 (1)a | .305 | .004 | |
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| School setting. | –43.32 | 13.75 | –45.68 | 15.89 | .865 (1) | .353 | .003 | |
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| 11. Engagement | .252 | 27.60 (3,246) | <.001 | .252 | ||||
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| Youth and caregivers give feedback, e.g., anonymous surveys. | –2.72 | 15.04 | –10.92 | 16.90 | 9.18 (1) | .003* | .036 | |
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| Youth and caregivers are on staff at the organization. | –18.67 | 14.67 | –0.49 | 14.38 | 59.61 (1) | <.001* | .194 | |
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| Youth and caregivers are on an advisory group that gives feedback on services and evaluation. | 13.79 | 15.33 | 19.00 | 16.27 | 3.92 (1) | .049 | .016 | |
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| Youth and caregivers play a leadership role in making decisions for the organization. | 7.60 | 15.56 | –7.59 | 16.77 | 31.61 (1) | <.001* | .113 | |
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| 12. Information Sharing | .105 | 9.62 (3,246) | <.001 | .105 | ||||
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| No sharing of personal information with caregivers. | –103.90 | 22.66 | –89.96 | 26.54 | 10.89 (1) | .001* | .042 | |
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| All personal information is available to caregivers, with youth consent. | 31.10 | 26.75 | 27.19 | 31.00 | .628 (1) | .429 | .003 | |
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| Service provider decides what information to share with caregivers, with youth consent. | 12.48 | 20.43 | 15.04 | 24.43 | .437 (1) | .509 | .002 | |
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| Youth and service provider work together to decide what personal information to share with caregivers and how that can be helpful. | 60.32 | 13.52 | 47.73 | 17.89 | 20.14 (1) | <.001* | .075 | |
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a Levene’s test of equality of error variance statistically significant.
* Statistically significant at the Bonferroni corrected p-value of .0125.