Table 7.

Anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs from literature and clinical trial information and mechanisms of action in different AD

mAb Drug	Clinical trial/Phase/Status	Disease Status	Mechanism of actions
Aducanumab	NCT05310071/III/R NCT05108922/III/C	EAD Early symptomatic AD	IgG1 mAb that binds to the Aβ protein at amino acids 3–7 [3–5].
Lecanemab	NCT04468659/III/R NCT03887455/III/AN NCT05999084/NA/NY	EAD Preclinical AD [157]	Humanized anti-Aβ mouse IgG1 mAb (mAb158) that recognizes protofibrils [6, 158].
Donanemab	NCT05026866/III/R NCT05508789/III/R NCT04437511/III/AN NCT05738486/III/R NCT05108922/III/C	Preclinical AD EAD Early symptomatic AD [159, 160]	Humanized anti-Aβ mouse IgG1 mAb (N3pG) that recognizes protofibrils [7, 161].
Solanezumab	NCT00905372/III/C NCT00904683/III/C NCT02008357/III/C NCT00749216/II/C NCT00329082/II/C NCT02008357/III/C	AD Mild-to-moderate AD [162, 163] Asymptomatic AD [8]	Humanized anti-Aβ mouse IgG1 mAb that binds the PDB ID 4XXD site of the central epitope of monomer KLVFFAED with picomolar affinity [164–166] or binds free amyloid beta which causes Aβ 42 to solubilize to reestablish the equilibrium in the cerebrospinal fluid [167].
Gantenerumab	NCT02051608/III/C NCT0344870/III/T NCT03443973/III/T NCT04339413/III/T NCT04374253/III/T	Mild AD Prodromal AD [168] EAD [169]	Humanized anti-Aβ mouse IgG1 mAb that binds Aβ (1–11) fibril and clear Aβ fibers [170].

AD, Alzheimer’s disease; C, Completion; R, Recruiting; AN, Active, not recruiting; NA, Not Applicable; EAD, Early Alzheimer’s disease; NY, not yet recruiting; ARIA, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities; ARIA-E, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities with edema or effusions.