Table 2. Program Directors’ Report of Resident Involvement in Curricular Change, Practice Transformation, and Quality Improvement Activities According to 3YearsVersus 4 Yearsof Training.

Assessment variables	Length of training		P value
	3 years (n=45)* n (%)	4 years (n=41)* n (%)
Level of resident involvement with curricular changes in your program None/somewhat Moderately/extremely	— 1 (2.2) 44 (97.7)	— 5 (12.5) 35 (87.5)	.037**
Level of resident involvement with practice transformation None/somewhat Moderately/extremely	— 27 (60.0) 18 (40.0)	— 16 (40.0) 24 (60.0)	.223**
Current level of resident involvement with clinical team meetings None/somewhat Moderately/extremely	— 25 (55.6) 20 (44.4)	— 21 (52.5) 18 (46.2)	.925**
Resident involvement designing and implementing QI projects (If they did any) Independently Integrated with faculty In resident teams In multidisciplinary teams	— 24 (53.3) 33 (73.3) 25 (55.6) 26 (57.8)	— 31 (75.6) 39 (95.1) 31 (75.6) 31 (75.6)	— <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
Number of QI projects completed per year (If they did any) 1 2 >3	— 23 (51.1) 7 (15.6) 6 (13.3)	— 19 (46.3) 3 (7.3) 14 (34.1)	<.001
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Estimate of the percent (%) of resident QI projects overall that have resulted in improved care processes	52.2% (26.9)	57.9% (29.6)	.350***
Estimate of the percent (%) of resident QI projects overall that have resulted in improved patient outcomes	37.6% (27.0)	32.2% (24.2)	.337***

*Missing <5%

**χ² test

***Independent samples t test

Abbreviations: QI, quality improvement; SD, standard deviation