Notes: Figures show the counts of birth and death microdata records used by LIFE-M (blue line), birth and death tabulations from vital statistics (black line), and the birth count estimates from the 1880, 1900, 1910, and 1940 Censuses (light gray line). The published vital statistics were digitized and published by Bailey et al. (2016). The population estimates are based on the most recent census prior to a cohort's birth. For instance, we impute the birth counts of the 1900 cohort with the 0-age population in the 1900 Census.