Table 4.
Comparison of Symptom Severity and Individual Symptom Endorsement by Head Injury History
| No HIs (n = 268) | 1-3 HIs (n = 110) | 4+ HIs (n = 140) | F/χ2 | p | η2/ϕ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive symptoms, M (SD) | 3.8a,b | 4.0 | 6.2a,c | 5.3 | 7.8b,c | 5.7 | 30.63 | <.001 | .11 |
| Trouble remembering things, n (%) | 171 | 63.8% | 77 | 70.0% | 105 | 75.0% | 5.53 | .063 | .10 |
| Trouble concentrating, n (%) | 139 | 51.9% | 74 | 67.3% | 108 | 77.1% | 26.60 | <.001 | .23 |
| Difficulty making decisions, n (%) | 117 | 43.7% | 63 | 57.3% | 93 | 66.4% | 20.30 | <.001 | .20 |
| Mind going blank, n (%) | 119 | 44.4% | 67 | 60.9% | 101 | 72.1% | 30.35 | <.001 | .24 |
| Something wrong with mind, n (%) | 66 | 24.6% | 47 | 42.7% | 68 | 48.6% | 26.92 | <.001 | .23 |
| Physical symptoms, M (SD) | 5.0a,b | 3.9 | 6.9a,c | 4.1 | 8.7b,c | 4.7 | 32.73 | <.001 | .12 |
| Headaches and head pain, n (%) | 218 | 81.3% | 96 | 87.3% | 128 | 91.4% | 7.89 | .019 | .12 |
| Faintness or dizziness, n (%) | 70 | 26.1% | 45 | 40.9% | 67 | 47.9% | 21.11 | <.001 | .20 |
| Nausea or upset stomach, n (%) | 126 | 47.0% | 70 | 63.6% | 96 | 68.6% | 20.37 | <.001 | .20 |
| Numbness or tingling, n (%) | 88 | 32.8% | 49 | 44.5% | 81 | 57.9% | 23.97 | <.001 | .22 |
| Trouble falling asleep, n (%) | 153 | 57.1% | 84 | 76.4% | 116 | 82.9% | 32.47 | <.001 | .25 |
| Emotional symptoms, M (SD) | 4.6a,b | 4.6 | 7.7a | 5.4 | 9.0b | 5.4 | 38.34 | <.001 | .13 |
| Nervousness or shakiness, n (%) | 120 | 44.8% | 73 | 66.4% | 118 | 84.3% | 62.16 | <.001 | .35 |
| Easily annoyed or irritated, n (%) | 203 | 75.7% | 97 | 88.2% | 120 | 85.7% | 10.55 | .005 | .14 |
| Temper outbursts, n (%) | 68 | 25.4% | 59 | 53.6% | 72 | 51.4% | 40.06 | <.001 | .28 |
| Feeling blue, n (%) | 147 | 54.9% | 83 | 75.5% | 110 | 78.6% | 28.91 | <.001 | .24 |
| Feeling no interest in things, n (%) | 119 | 44.4% | 66 | 60.0% | 103 | 73.6% | 32.67 | <.001 | .25 |
| Total symptoms, M (SD) | 13.5a,b | 11.2 | 20.8a,c | 12.8 | 25.4b,c | 13.9 | 43.28 | <.001 | .15 |
Levene's test for equality of variance was significant (p < 0.05) for all comparisons, with equal variance not assumed for all subscale and total symptom comparisons. F-values were asymptotically distributed and drawn from Welch robust test of equality of means. Post hoc comparisons after Bonferroni adjustment: aSignificant difference between No HIs and 1-3 HIs, bSignificant difference between No HIs and 4+ HIs, cSignificant difference between 1-3 HIs and 4+ HIs. An individual symptom was considered endorsed if it was rated as 1 or greater on a 5-point scale (range: 0 to 4).
HIs, head injuries; M, mean; SD, standard deviation.