Table 5.

iMSCs in preclinical periodontal regeneration.

Author/ year	Animal/ sample size	Cell source/ morphology	Carrier /Scaffold	Test	Control	Duration	Outcome measures	Results	Regenerated tissues
Hynes et al. 2013[116]	Rat	Xenogenic, human foreskin–derived iPSC-MSCs	/	iMSC treated with fibrinogen and thrombin	Clotting factors only or untreated	2 weeks	Histomor-phometric analysis	iMSCs promoted generation of PDL-like tissues and newly formed mineralized tissues	PDL-like tissues, bone-like tissues
Hynes et al. 2018[117]	Mouse	Allogenic, tail-tip fibroblasts from NOD/Lt mice derived iPSC-MSCs	Sponge	Tail vein or subcutaneous injection of iMSCs	Tail vein or subcutaneous injection of PBS	7 weeks	Histomorphometric analysis, µCT	iMSC inhibited inflammation and reduced alveolar bone loss in a periodontitis mouse model	/
Yang et al. 2014[118]	Rat, 30	Allogenic, rat embryonic fibroblasts derived iPSC-MSCs	Matrigel for topical injection	Systemic or topical injection of iMSCs or TSG-6/iMSCs	Healthy control and untreated periodontitis	3 months	Histomorphometric analysis, µCT,	iMSCs or TSG-6/iMSCs inhibited inflammation and alveolar bone absorption	/
Yin et al. 2017[119]	Athymic nude mice, 12	Xenogenic, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived iPSC-MSCs	Hydrogel	iMSCs+rhGDF-5 +hydrogel, iMSCs+hydrogel	rhGDF-5 +hydrogel	6 weeks	Immunohistological staining	iMSCs with rhGDF-5 promoted periodontal specific differentiation	/

iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cells; iMSC: iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; PDL: Periodontal dental ligament; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; µCT: Micro computed tomography; TSG: Tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated gene; rhGDF: Recombinant human growth/differentiation factor.