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. 2024 Feb 2;15:995. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45348-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1, BA.5, Delta, and BA.1 of hamster sera taken 6 dpc from vaccinated animals (n = 6) in contact with either B.1 or BA.5 shedders (upper limit of detection = 1:1,024, lower limit of detection is indicated by dotted lines). Results are shown in mean ± SEM with symbols representing individual values. b SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG levels against B.1 spike, BA.5 spike, nucleocapsid, and ORF3a in serum collected from vaccinated contacts on day 6 after contact (dpc). c SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA levels against B.1 and BA.5 spike in nasal washes obtained from vaccinated contacts 6 dpc. b, c Findings displayed as optical density (OD) read at 450 nm. Box plots show 25th to 75th percentiles with centerlines indicating medians and whiskers from minimum to maximum. Symbols represent individual values of vaccinated contacts (n = 6) per group. a–c Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. d Semi-quantitative scoring of SARS-CoV-2 N protein immunohistochemistry (IHC) signal in nasal epithelium of vaccinated contacts (n = 6). Scoring of inflammatory changes in nasal epithelium including an influx of lymphocytes, neutrophils, olfactory and respiratory epithelial necrosis, apoptosis, loss of cilia, and flattened epithelial cells displayed as median with range. Symbols indicate individual values. Ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. e, f Immunohistochemical staining for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen in nasal epithelial cells with 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine chromogen (brown) and hemalum counterstain (blue). Scale bars: 20 µm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.