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. 2024 Feb 2;14:72. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02782-6

Table 3.

Associations between maternal cytokine concentrations and neonatal dMRI parameters.

IL-6
FA MD AD RD
β SE p q β SE p q β SE p q β SE p q
Corpus callosum
 IL-6 −0.083 0.002 0.10 0.23 0.092 0.002 0.12 0.25 −0.108 0.002 0.06 0.18 0.044 0.002 0.36 0.51
 Sex −0.084 0.003 0.09 0.32 −0.061 0.004 0.29 0.65 −0.074 0.003 0.19 0.46 0.036 0.004 0.44 0.88
 NICU stay −0.099 0.007 0.12 0.63 −0.069 0.008 0.34 0.63 0.021 0.008 0.77 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.63 0.90
 GA at delivery 0.014 0.001 0.84 0.89 −0.004 0.001 0.95 0.95 0.119 0.001 0.13 0.73 −0.026 0.002 0.70 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.450 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.155 0.001 0.01 0.01 −0.227 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.555 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.054 0.000 0.28 0.56 0.086 0.000 0.14 0.45 0.065 0.000 0.26 0.56 −0.035 0.000 0.47 0.66
Superior cingulum bundle
 IL-6 0.062 0.002 0.25 0.38 −0.049 0.003 0.40 0.55 −0.033 0.003 0.54 0.72 −0.082 0.003 0.10 0.23
 Sex −0.099 0.003 0.06 0.32 0.011 0.005 0.85 0.98 −0.117 0.005 0.03 0.24 0.014 0.005 0.77 0.98
 NICU stay −0.052 0.006 0.45 0.71 −0.161 0.011 0.03 0.32 0.066 0.011 0.33 0.63 0.097 0.011 0.13 0.63
 GA at delivery 0.030 0.001 0.68 0.89 −0.050 0.002 0.51 0.89 0.087 0.002 0.24 0.87 0.042 0.002 0.54 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.346 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.127 0.002 0.04 0.04 −0.414 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.511 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.050 0.000 0.35 0.63 0.048 0.000 0.41 0.64 −0.024 0.000 0.65 0.78 0.021 0.000 0.67 0.78
Corticospinal tract
 IL-6 −0.212 0.002 <0.01 <0.01 0.089 0.003 0.12 0.25 −0.110 0.002 0.01 0.07 0.105 0.003 0.01 0.07
 Sex −0.005 0.003 0.91 0.98 0.005 0.005 0.92 0.98 −0.074 0.003 0.10 0.32 −0.025 0.005 0.55 0.91
 NICU stay 0.016 0.006 0.79 1.00 −0.076 0.012 0.29 0.63 0.059 0.008 0.31 0.63 −0.004 0.011 0.94 1.00
 GA at delivery 0.028 0.001 0.66 0.89 0.018 0.002 0.81 0.89 0.051 0.001 0.41 0.89 0.009 0.002 0.87 0.90
 PMA at scan 0.521 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.212 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.646 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.668 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.032 0.000 0.50 0.66 0.064 0.000 0.27 0.56 0.031 0.000 0.49 0.66 −0.008 0.000 0.85 0.85
Optic radiation
 IL-6 −0.114 0.002 0.02 0.07 −0.011 0.003 0.85 0.92 −0.139 0.003 0.01 0.07 0.004 0.003 0.93 0.94
 Sex −0.022 0.003 0.63 0.91 −0.010 0.006 0.86 0.98 −0.185 0.005 <0.01 0.02 −0.073 0.005 0.09 0.32
 NICU stay −0.152 0.007 0.01 0.32 −0.068 0.014 0.34 0.63 0.019 0.011 0.78 1.00 0.127 0.012 0.02 0.32
 GA at delivery −0.029 0.001 0.65 0.89 0.019 0.002 0.80 0.89 −0.033 0.002 0.65 0.89 −0.013 0.002 0.82 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.542 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.175 0.002 <0.01 0.01 −0.327 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.621 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.013 0.000 0.78 0.80 0.142 0.000 0.02 0.14 0.164 0.000 <0.01 0.08 0.083 0.000 0.06 0.27
Uncinate fasciculus
 IL-6 −0.122 0.001 0.01 0.07 −0.072 0.003 0.22 0.36 −0.217 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 −0.065 0.002 0.16 0.29
 Sex −0.073 0.002 0.12 0.34 0.003 0.005 0.96 0.98 −0.123 0.005 0.02 0.24 −0.026 0.004 0.56 0.91
 NICU stay −0.055 0.005 0.37 0.63 −0.002 0.011 0.97 1.00 −0.082 0.011 0.24 0.63 −0.004 0.010 0.95 1.00
 GA at delivery 0.070 0.001 0.28 0.89 0.053 0.002 0.49 0.89 0.122 0.002 0.10 0.73 0.024 0.002 0.70 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.501 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.097 0.002 0.12 0.12 −0.303 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.627 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.039 0.000 0.41 0.64 0.084 0.000 0.15 0.45 0.093 0.000 0.09 0.31 0.048 0.000 0.30 0.56
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
 IL-6 −0.053 0.002 0.21 0.36 −0.015 0.003 0.80 0.92 −0.143 0.002 0.01 0.06 −0.021 0.003 0.62 0.77
 Sex −0.006 0.003 0.89 0.98 −0.015 0.006 0.80 0.98 −0.167 0.003 <0.01 0.02 −0.067 0.005 0.11 0.32
 NICU stay −0.075 0.006 0.17 0.63 −0.067 0.014 0.36 0.63 0.044 0.008 0.50 0.76 0.069 0.012 0.19 0.63
 GA at delivery 0.069 0.001 0.24 0.87 −0.026 0.002 0.73 0.89 0.098 0.001 0.16 0.73 −0.030 0.002 0.60 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.620 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.131 0.002 0.04 0.04 −0.460 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.672 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.017 0.000 0.69 0.78 0.126 0.000 0.03 0.20 0.121 0.000 0.02 0.14 0.038 0.000 0.37 0.63
Anterior limb of internal capsule
 IL-6 −0.009 0.001 0.83 0.92 −0.004 0.004 0.94 0.94 −0.120 0.003 0.02 0.09 −0.062 0.003 0.16 0.30
 Sex −0.025 0.002 0.56 0.91 −0.028 0.007 0.63 0.91 −0.053 0.005 0.31 0.66 −0.023 0.006 0.59 0.91
 NICU stay −0.045 0.005 0.42 0.68 −0.080 0.016 0.27 0.63 0.076 0.011 0.26 0.63 0.074 0.014 0.19 0.63
 GA at delivery 0.124 0.001 0.04 0.69 −0.034 0.003 0.66 0.89 0.103 0.002 0.15 0.73 −0.030 0.002 0.62 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.595 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.100 0.003 0.11 0.11 −0.455 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.620 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.019 0.000 0.67 0.78 0.137 0.000 0.02 0.14 0.021 0.000 0.69 0.78 0.016 0.000 0.73 0.78
Inferior cingulum bundle
 IL-6 −0.094 0.001 0.07 0.19 0.062 0.002 0.28 0.42 −0.122 0.002 0.02 0.09 −0.017 0.002 0.71 0.85
 Sex 0.001 0.002 0.98 0.98 0.019 0.003 0.73 0.98 −0.100 0.003 0.07 0.32 −0.093 0.003 0.04 0.31
 NICU stay −0.097 0.005 0.15 0.63 0.000 0.007 1.00 1.00 −0.011 0.008 0.87 1.00 0.087 0.006 0.14 0.63
 GA at delivery −0.116 0.001 0.11 0.73 0.118 0.001 0.12 0.73 0.024 0.001 0.75 0.89 0.145 0.001 0.02 0.69
 PMA at scan 0.429 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.233 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.321 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.644 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.071 0.000 0.18 0.47 0.112 0.000 0.05 0.27 0.131 0.000 0.02 0.14 0.052 0.000 0.26 0.56
Fornix
 IL-6 −0.006 0.001 0.92 0.94 −0.030 0.002 0.61 0.77 −0.101 0.002 0.05 0.15 −0.082 0.002 0.06 0.18
 Sex −0.086 0.002 0.11 0.32 0.032 0.003 0.58 0.91 −0.073 0.004 0.15 0.37 0.003 0.003 0.95 0.98
 NICU stay 0.003 0.004 0.96 1.00 −0.078 0.008 0.28 0.63 0.006 0.008 0.93 1.00 0.014 0.006 0.81 1.00
 GA at delivery 0.029 0.001 0.69 0.89 −0.023 0.001 0.77 0.89 0.067 0.001 0.34 0.89 0.028 0.001 0.65 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.354 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.191 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.514 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.649 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.041 0.000 0.45 0.66 0.020 0.000 0.74 0.78 0.071 0.000 0.16 0.45 0.079 0.000 0.08 0.31
IL-8
Corpus callosum
 IL-8 −0.039 0.002 0.44 0.97 0.038 0.002 0.51 0.97 −0.055 0.002 0.33 0.97 0.019 0.003 0.69 0.97
 Sex −0.084 0.003 0.09 0.27 −0.056 0.004 0.34 0.71 −0.086 0.003 0.13 0.34 0.031 0.004 0.52 0.89
 NICU stay −0.098 0.007 0.12 0.64 −0.071 0.008 0.33 0.64 0.023 0.008 0.75 0.96 0.031 0.010 0.62 0.89
 GA at delivery 0.018 0.001 0.79 0.93 −0.020 0.001 0.80 0.93 0.142 0.001 0.07 0.53 −0.022 0.002 0.74 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.450 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.158 0.001 0.01 0.01 −0.224 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.554 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.053 0.000 0.30 0.54 0.085 0.000 0.15 0.44 0.074 0.000 0.19 0.47 −0.029 0.000 0.55 0.75
Superior cingulum bundle
 IL-8 0.001 0.002 0.99 0.99 0.064 0.003 0.27 0.97 0.036 0.003 0.49 0.97 0.029 0.003 0.56 0.97
 Sex −0.097 0.003 0.07 0.24 0.013 0.005 0.82 0.97 −0.123 0.005 0.02 0.18 0.008 0.005 0.87 0.97
 NICU stay −0.055 0.006 0.43 0.67 −0.159 0.011 0.03 0.32 0.066 0.011 0.33 0.64 0.100 0.011 0.12 0.64
 GA at delivery 0.019 0.001 0.80 0.93 −0.036 0.002 0.64 0.93 0.103 0.002 0.16 0.64 0.064 0.002 0.35 0.91
 PMA at scan 0.342 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.125 0.002 0.04 0.05 −0.411 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.504 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.050 0.000 0.36 0.62 0.043 0.000 0.46 0.71 −0.017 0.000 0.75 0.85 0.025 0.000 0.63 0.76
Corticospinal tract
 IL-8 −0.071 0.002 0.14 0.97 0.076 0.003 0.19 0.97 −0.006 0.002 0.89 0.99 0.062 0.003 0.15 0.97
 Sex −0.005 0.003 0.91 0.97 0.010 0.005 0.87 0.97 −0.085 0.003 0.06 0.24 −0.029 0.005 0.49 0.89
 NICU stay 0.020 0.007 0.74 0.96 −0.078 0.012 0.28 0.64 0.062 0.008 0.29 0.64 −0.006 0.011 0.91 0.99
 GA at delivery 0.048 0.001 0.47 0.93 0.009 0.002 0.91 0.96 0.078 0.001 0.22 0.64 0.010 0.002 0.87 0.96
 PMA at scan 0.524 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.212 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.636 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.666 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.027 0.000 0.57 0.75 0.064 0.000 0.27 0.54 0.039 0.000 0.39 0.64 −0.001 0.000 0.98 0.98
Optic radiation
 IL-8 −0.021 0.002 0.66 0.97 0.043 0.004 0.45 0.97 0.004 0.003 0.94 0.99 0.030 0.003 0.49 0.97
 Sex −0.020 0.003 0.66 0.95 −0.007 0.006 0.91 0.97 −0.192 0.005 <0.01 0.01 −0.079 0.005 0.07 0.24
 NICU stay −0.150 0.007 0.01 0.32 −0.068 0.014 0.34 0.64 0.024 0.011 0.73 0.96 0.127 0.012 0.02 0.32
 GA at delivery −0.019 0.001 0.77 0.93 0.023 0.002 0.76 0.93 −0.004 0.002 0.96 0.96 −0.004 0.002 0.95 0.96
 PMA at scan 0.544 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.174 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.318 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.618 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.008 0.000 0.86 0.89 0.137 0.000 0.02 0.16 0.166 0.000 <0.01 0.07 0.088 0.000 0.05 0.24
Uncinate fasciculus
 IL-8 0.058 0.001 0.22 0.97 0.017 0.003 0.77 0.99 −0.028 0.003 0.61 0.97 −0.066 0.003 0.15 0.97
 Sex −0.068 0.002 0.15 0.36 0.006 0.005 0.92 0.97 −0.129 0.005 0.02 0.18 −0.034 0.004 0.46 0.89
 NICU stay −0.054 0.005 0.38 0.65 −0.001 0.011 0.99 0.99 −0.076 0.011 0.28 0.64 0.000 0.010 0.99 0.99
 GA at delivery 0.088 0.001 0.18 0.64 0.064 0.002 0.41 0.93 0.154 0.002 0.04 0.52 0.034 0.002 0.59 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.503 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.095 0.002 0.13 0.13 −0.298 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.625 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.034 0.000 0.49 0.73 0.078 0.000 0.19 0.47 0.093 0.000 0.10 0.36 0.053 0.000 0.26 0.54
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
 IL-8 0.011 0.002 0.80 0.99 0.049 0.004 0.40 0.97 0.000 0.002 0.99 0.99 −0.010 0.003 0.81 0.99
 Sex 0.000 0.003 1.00 1.00 −0.011 0.006 0.85 0.97 −0.173 0.004 <0.01 0.01 −0.074 0.005 0.07 0.24
 NICU stay −0.075 0.006 0.18 0.64 −0.067 0.014 0.35 0.64 0.047 0.008 0.48 0.72 0.070 0.012 0.19 0.64
 GA at delivery 0.071 0.001 0.23 0.64 −0.022 0.002 0.78 0.93 0.125 0.001 0.08 0.53 −0.020 0.002 0.72 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.622 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.130 0.002 0.04 0.04 −0.455 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.671 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.010 0.000 0.81 0.86 0.121 0.000 0.04 0.23 0.124 0.000 0.02 0.16 0.045 0.000 0.29 0.54
Anterior limb of internal capsule
 IL-8 −0.031 0.001 0.47 0.97 0.031 0.004 0.59 0.97 −0.056 0.003 0.28 0.97 0.005 0.004 0.91 0.99
 Sex −0.026 0.002 0.54 0.89 −0.024 0.007 0.68 0.95 −0.063 0.005 0.23 0.51 −0.028 0.006 0.53 0.89
 NICU stay −0.046 0.005 0.41 0.67 −0.080 0.016 0.26 0.64 0.079 0.011 0.25 0.64 0.076 0.014 0.19 0.64
 GA at delivery 0.123 0.001 0.04 0.52 −0.034 0.003 0.65 0.93 0.124 0.002 0.09 0.53 −0.016 0.002 0.79 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.594 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.102 0.003 0.10 0.10 −0.453 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.618 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.021 0.000 0.63 0.76 0.134 0.000 0.02 0.16 0.029 0.000 0.58 0.75 0.018 0.000 0.68 0.79
Inferior cingulum bundle
 IL-8 −0.031 0.001 0.55 0.97 0.022 0.002 0.70 0.97 −0.048 0.002 0.38 0.97 −0.005 0.002 0.90 0.99
 Sex −0.001 0.002 0.98 1.00 0.023 0.003 0.69 0.95 −0.108 0.003 0.05 0.24 −0.097 0.003 0.03 0.24
 NICU stay −0.095 0.005 0.16 0.64 −0.001 0.007 0.99 0.99 −0.008 0.008 0.91 0.99 0.087 0.006 0.14 0.64
 GA at delivery −0.105 0.001 0.15 0.64 0.108 0.001 0.15 0.64 0.045 0.001 0.55 0.93 0.151 0.001 0.02 0.52
 PMA at scan 0.430 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.231 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.319 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.645 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.071 0.000 0.18 0.47 0.111 0.000 0.06 0.25 0.137 0.000 0.01 0.16 0.056 0.000 0.23 0.51
Fornix
 IL-8 −0.023 0.001 0.66 0.97 0.053 0.002 0.36 0.97 −0.007 0.002 0.89 0.99 0.023 0.002 0.60 0.97
 Sex −0.096 0.002 0.07 0.24 0.032 0.003 0.58 0.90 −0.081 0.004 0.11 0.30 0.006 0.003 0.89 0.97
 NICU stay 0.004 0.004 0.95 0.99 −0.077 0.008 0.28 0.64 0.008 0.008 0.90 0.99 0.015 0.006 0.80 0.99
 GA at delivery 0.039 0.001 0.60 0.93 −0.010 0.001 0.89 0.96 0.088 0.001 0.21 0.64 0.038 0.001 0.54 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.347 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.188 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.510 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.647 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.029 0.000 0.59 0.75 0.017 0.000 0.78 0.85 0.078 0.000 0.13 0.42 0.074 0.000 0.10 0.36
IL-10
Corpus callosum
 IL-10 −0.146 0.002 <0.02 0.02 0.073 0.002 0.21 0.39 −0.087 0.002 0.13 0.30 0.149 0.003 0.00 0.01
 Sex −0.079 0.003 0.11 0.33 −0.052 0.004 0.37 0.77 −0.080 0.003 0.17 0.37 0.030 0.004 0.52 0.85
 NICU stay −0.134 0.007 0.03 0.32 −0.059 0.009 0.42 0.65 0.001 0.008 0.99 0.99 0.059 0.010 0.32 0.65
 GA at delivery 0.026 0.001 0.70 0.98 −0.021 0.001 0.78 0.98 0.131 0.001 0.09 0.52 −0.028 0.002 0.66 0.98
 PMA at scan 0.461 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.155 0.001 0.01 0.01 −0.214 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.555 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.056 0.000 0.26 0.53 0.088 0.000 0.13 0.40 0.071 0.000 0.22 0.50 −0.033 0.000 0.49 0.70
Superior cingulum bundle
 IL-10 0.001 0.002 0.99 0.99 0.088 0.003 0.13 0.30 0.005 0.003 0.93 0.96 −0.009 0.003 0.86 0.93
 Sex −0.085 0.003 0.12 0.34 0.012 0.005 0.84 0.96 −0.149 0.005 0.01 0.06 −0.022 0.005 0.66 0.96
 NICU stay −0.047 0.006 0.51 0.65 −0.145 0.011 0.05 0.32 0.082 0.011 0.23 0.64 0.099 0.011 0.13 0.49
 GA at delivery 0.006 0.001 0.94 0.98 −0.036 0.002 0.63 0.98 0.110 0.002 0.13 0.52 0.082 0.002 0.23 0.70
 PMA at scan 0.342 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.121 0.002 0.05 0.05 −0.416 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.512 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.045 0.000 0.41 0.70 0.054 0.000 0.36 0.64 0.004 0.000 0.94 0.95 0.037 0.000 0.47 0.70
Corticospinal tract
 IL-10 −0.301 0.002 0.00 0.00 0.140 0.003 0.01 0.06 −0.038 0.002 0.42 0.60 0.217 0.003 <0.001 <0.001
 Sex −0.011 0.003 0.80 0.96 0.009 0.005 0.87 0.96 −0.092 0.003 0.05 0.27 −0.029 0.005 0.49 0.83
 NICU stay −0.048 0.006 0.40 0.65 −0.057 0.012 0.42 0.65 0.054 0.008 0.36 0.65 0.036 0.011 0.49 0.65
 GA at delivery 0.052 0.001 0.40 0.89 0.005 0.002 0.95 0.98 0.085 0.001 0.18 0.58 0.001 0.002 0.98 0.98
 PMA at scan 0.525 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.203 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.630 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.658 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.015 0.000 0.74 0.82 0.079 0.000 0.17 0.44 0.026 0.000 0.58 0.72 0.003 0.000 0.95 0.95
Optic radiation
 IL-10 −0.098 0.002 0.04 0.13 0.109 0.004 0.06 0.17 0.065 0.003 0.23 0.39 0.114 0.003 0.01 0.05
 Sex −0.013 0.003 0.79 0.96 −0.006 0.006 0.92 0.98 −0.177 0.005 <0.01 0.02 −0.077 0.005 0.08 0.27
 NICU stay −0.178 0.007 <0.01 0.07 −0.053 0.014 0.46 0.65 0.046 0.011 0.50 0.65 0.160 0.012 <0.01 0.07
 GA at delivery −0.024 0.001 0.70 0.98 0.021 0.002 0.78 0.98 −0.012 0.002 0.87 0.98 −0.003 0.002 0.96 0.98
 PMA at scan 0.547 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.170 0.002 0.01 0.01 −0.327 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.619 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.009 0.000 0.85 0.90 0.145 0.000 0.01 0.17 0.148 0.000 0.01 0.17 0.078 0.000 0.08 0.34
Uncinate fasciculus
 IL-10 −0.037 0.001 0.46 0.61 −0.023 0.003 0.69 0.78 −0.142 0.003 0.01 0.05 −0.089 0.003 0.06 0.17
 Sex −0.071 0.002 0.15 0.35 0.003 0.005 0.96 0.98 −0.138 0.005 0.01 0.11 −0.041 0.004 0.39 0.77
 NICU stay −0.063 0.006 0.32 0.65 −0.002 0.011 0.98 0.99 −0.091 0.012 0.20 0.59 −0.010 0.010 0.87 0.99
 GA at delivery 0.076 0.001 0.25 0.70 0.063 0.002 0.42 0.89 0.159 0.002 0.03 0.45 0.049 0.002 0.44 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.492 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.090 0.002 0.15 0.15 −0.297 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.618 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.035 0.000 0.48 0.70 0.085 0.000 0.15 0.42 0.087 0.000 0.12 0.40 0.048 0.000 0.31 0.58
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
 IL-10 −0.139 0.002 <0.01 0.01 0.084 0.004 0.15 0.31 −0.030 0.002 0.57 0.67 0.098 0.003 0.02 0.07
 Sex −0.001 0.003 0.98 0.98 −0.009 0.006 0.87 0.96 −0.181 0.004 <0.01 0.02 −0.077 0.005 0.06 0.27
 NICU stay −0.112 0.006 0.04 0.32 −0.054 0.014 0.46 0.65 0.052 0.008 0.43 0.65 0.103 0.012 0.05 0.32
 GA at delivery 0.060 0.001 0.29 0.75 −0.025 0.002 0.74 0.98 0.125 0.001 0.08 0.52 −0.011 0.002 0.85 0.98
 PMA at scan 0.627 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.124 0.002 0.05 0.05 −0.451 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.674 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.025 0.000 0.56 0.72 0.129 0.000 0.03 0.17 0.120 0.000 0.02 0.17 0.033 0.000 0.43 0.70
Anterior limb of internal capsule
 IL-10 −0.148 0.001 <0.01 0.01 0.066 0.004 0.26 0.42 −0.070 0.003 0.19 0.38 0.054 0.004 0.23 0.39
 Sex −0.033 0.002 0.44 0.83 −0.023 0.007 0.69 0.96 −0.080 0.005 0.13 0.34 −0.033 0.006 0.46 0.83
 NICU stay −0.073 0.005 0.18 0.59 −0.070 0.016 0.33 0.65 0.075 0.011 0.27 0.65 0.092 0.014 0.11 0.49
 GA at delivery 0.121 0.001 0.04 0.45 −0.036 0.003 0.64 0.98 0.129 0.002 0.07 0.52 −0.013 0.002 0.83 0.98
 PMA at scan 0.590 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.096 0.003 0.12 0.13 −0.453 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.616 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.024 0.000 0.58 0.72 0.142 0.000 0.02 0.17 0.025 0.000 0.64 0.77 0.014 0.000 0.75 0.82
Inferior cingulum bundle
 IL-10 −0.059 0.001 0.27 0.42 0.062 0.002 0.28 0.42 0.031 0.002 0.58 0.67 0.079 0.002 0.09 0.23
 Sex 0.008 0.002 0.88 0.96 0.022 0.003 0.70 0.96 −0.101 0.003 0.07 0.27 −0.104 0.003 0.03 0.18
 NICU stay −0.102 0.005 0.14 0.49 0.009 0.007 0.90 0.99 −0.001 0.008 0.99 0.99 0.101 0.007 0.09 0.45
 GA at delivery −0.112 0.001 0.12 0.52 0.111 0.001 0.14 0.52 0.052 0.001 0.48 0.92 0.169 0.001 0.01 0.27
 PMA at scan 0.420 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.225 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.310 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.636 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.062 0.000 0.25 0.53 0.117 0.000 0.04 0.22 0.127 0.000 0.02 0.17 0.058 0.000 0.22 0.50
Fornix
 IL-10 −0.041 0.001 0.45 0.61 0.036 0.002 0.54 0.67 −0.004 0.002 0.93 0.96 0.028 0.002 0.54 0.67
 Sex −0.094 0.002 0.09 0.28 0.030 0.004 0.60 0.94 −0.096 0.004 0.06 0.27 −0.007 0.003 0.88 0.96
 NICU stay −0.003 0.004 0.97 0.99 −0.072 0.008 0.32 0.65 0.003 0.009 0.97 0.99 0.017 0.007 0.77 0.96
 GA at delivery 0.040 0.001 0.59 0.98 −0.015 0.001 0.85 0.98 0.103 0.001 0.14 0.52 0.047 0.001 0.44 0.89
 PMA at scan 0.341 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.187 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.506 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.641 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.033 0.000 0.55 0.72 0.022 0.000 0.70 0.82 0.079 0.000 0.13 0.40 0.079 0.000 0.09 0.35
TNF-ɑ
Corpus callosum
 TNF-ɑ −0.002 0.002 0.97 0.97 0.020 0.002 0.73 0.97 −0.062 0.002 0.27 0.97 −0.022 0.003 0.64 0.97
 Sex −0.088 0.003 0.08 0.25 −0.058 0.004 0.32 0.67 −0.091 0.003 0.11 0.26 0.032 0.004 0.50 0.88
 NICU stay −0.100 0.007 0.12 0.67 −0.070 0.008 0.34 0.67 0.019 0.008 0.79 0.97 0.030 0.010 0.63 0.91
 GA at delivery 0.022 0.001 0.75 0.93 −0.017 0.001 0.82 0.93 0.135 0.001 0.09 0.52 −0.030 0.002 0.66 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.453 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.157 0.001 0.01 0.01 −0.223 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.554 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.054 0.000 0.29 0.56 0.088 0.000 0.14 0.41 0.076 0.000 0.18 0.47 −0.030 0.000 0.54 0.78
Superior cingulum bundle
 TNF-ɑ 0.003 0.002 0.95 0.97 0.036 0.003 0.54 0.97 0.029 0.003 0.59 0.97 0.011 0.003 0.82 0.97
 Sex −0.100 0.003 0.06 0.22 0.013 0.005 0.82 0.93 −0.120 0.005 0.02 0.21 0.012 0.005 0.80 0.93
 NICU stay −0.057 0.006 0.41 0.68 −0.158 0.011 0.03 0.36 0.067 0.011 0.33 0.67 0.102 0.011 0.12 0.67
 GA at delivery 0.019 0.001 0.80 0.93 −0.034 0.002 0.65 0.93 0.102 0.002 0.17 0.67 0.063 0.002 0.37 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.341 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.127 0.002 0.04 0.04 −0.413 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.506 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.047 0.000 0.38 0.63 0.046 0.000 0.44 0.66 −0.018 0.000 0.74 0.83 0.022 0.000 0.66 0.80
Corticospinal tract
 TNF-ɑ −0.038 0.002 0.44 0.97 0.019 0.003 0.75 0.97 −0.020 0.002 0.67 0.97 0.022 0.003 0.61 0.97
 Sex −0.007 0.003 0.88 0.93 0.006 0.005 0.92 0.93 −0.086 0.003 0.06 0.22 −0.029 0.005 0.50 0.88
 NICU stay 0.017 0.007 0.79 0.97 −0.076 0.012 0.29 0.67 0.058 0.008 0.32 0.67 −0.005 0.011 0.93 0.97
 GA at delivery 0.046 0.001 0.49 0.93 0.009 0.002 0.90 0.93 0.071 0.001 0.26 0.85 0.009 0.002 0.88 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.528 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.212 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.636 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.670 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.026 0.000 0.59 0.80 0.068 0.000 0.24 0.52 0.040 0.000 0.38 0.63 0.000 0.000 0.99 0.99
Optic radiation
 TNF-ɑ −0.031 0.002 0.51 0.97 −0.016 0.004 0.78 0.97 −0.002 0.003 0.97 0.97 0.020 0.003 0.64 0.97
 Sex −0.024 0.003 0.62 0.91 −0.007 0.006 0.90 0.93 −0.202 0.005 <0.01 0.01 −0.082 0.005 0.06 0.22
 NICU stay −0.153 0.007 0.01 0.36 −0.062 0.014 0.39 0.67 0.014 0.011 0.84 0.97 0.123 0.012 0.03 0.36
 GA at delivery −0.022 0.001 0.74 0.93 0.026 0.002 0.74 0.93 −0.012 0.002 0.87 0.93 −0.007 0.002 0.91 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.545 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.169 0.002 0.01 0.01 −0.323 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.621 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.009 0.000 0.84 0.87 0.139 0.000 0.02 0.15 0.173 0.000 <0.01 0.05 0.091 0.000 0.04 0.20
Uncinate fasciculus
 TNF-ɑ −0.127 0.001 0.01 0.27 −0.016 0.003 0.78 0.97 −0.125 0.003 0.02 0.27 0.016 0.003 0.72 0.97
 Sex −0.078 0.002 0.10 0.26 0.008 0.005 0.89 0.93 −0.131 0.005 0.02 0.19 −0.028 0.004 0.54 0.88
 NICU stay −0.057 0.005 0.36 0.67 0.003 0.011 0.97 0.97 −0.075 0.011 0.29 0.67 0.002 0.010 0.97 0.97
 GA at delivery 0.066 0.001 0.32 0.88 0.064 0.002 0.41 0.93 0.140 0.002 0.06 0.52 0.043 0.002 0.50 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.501 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.093 0.002 0.14 0.14 −0.293 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.621 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.040 0.000 0.41 0.64 0.076 0.000 0.20 0.48 0.093 0.000 0.09 0.38 0.048 0.000 0.31 0.56
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
 TNF-ɑ 0.006 0.002 0.88 0.97 −0.021 0.004 0.72 0.97 0.011 0.002 0.83 0.97 −0.012 0.003 0.77 0.97
 Sex −0.004 0.003 0.93 0.93 −0.012 0.006 0.84 0.93 −0.176 0.004 <0.01 0.01 −0.072 0.005 0.08 0.25
 NICU stay −0.078 0.006 0.16 0.67 −0.063 0.014 0.39 0.67 0.042 0.008 0.53 0.80 0.071 0.012 0.19 0.67
 GA at delivery 0.069 0.001 0.25 0.85 −0.023 0.002 0.76 0.93 0.121 0.001 0.09 0.52 −0.022 0.002 0.71 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.619 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.127 0.002 0.04 0.04 −0.457 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.669 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.013 0.000 0.77 0.84 0.123 0.000 0.04 0.20 0.126 0.000 0.02 0.15 0.043 0.000 0.31 0.56
Anterior limb of internal capsule
 TNF-ɑ 0.019 0.001 0.66 0.97 −0.055 0.004 0.35 0.97 −0.058 0.003 0.27 0.97 −0.050 0.004 0.26 0.97
 Sex −0.022 0.002 0.61 0.91 −0.026 0.007 0.65 0.91 −0.060 0.005 0.25 0.57 −0.029 0.006 0.51 0.88
 NICU stay −0.044 0.005 0.44 0.68 −0.078 0.016 0.28 0.67 0.079 0.011 0.25 0.67 0.075 0.014 0.19 0.67
 GA at delivery 0.129 0.001 0.03 0.52 −0.040 0.003 0.60 0.93 0.118 0.002 0.11 0.52 −0.025 0.002 0.68 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.594 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.098 0.003 0.11 0.12 −0.450 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 −0.617 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.018 0.000 0.69 0.80 0.136 0.000 0.02 0.15 0.026 0.000 0.63 0.80 0.019 0.000 0.68 0.80
Inferior cingulum bundle
 TNF-ɑ −0.126 0.001 0.02 0.27 0.032 0.002 0.57 0.97 −0.073 0.002 0.18 0.97 0.056 0.002 0.22 0.97
 Sex −0.009 0.002 0.85 0.93 0.026 0.003 0.66 0.91 −0.114 0.003 0.04 0.22 −0.094 0.003 0.04 0.22
 NICU stay −0.100 0.005 0.14 0.67 0.006 0.007 0.94 0.97 −0.014 0.008 0.84 0.97 0.087 0.006 0.14 0.67
 GA at delivery −0.124 0.001 0.09 0.52 0.119 0.001 0.12 0.52 0.033 0.001 0.66 0.93 0.158 0.001 0.01 0.48
 PMA at scan 0.433 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.227 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.319 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.645 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI 0.074 0.000 0.16 0.44 0.110 0.000 0.06 0.26 0.139 0.000 0.01 0.15 0.054 0.000 0.24 0.52
Fornix
 TNF-ɑ 0.003 0.001 0.96 0.97 0.023 0.002 0.69 0.97 −0.071 0.002 0.16 0.97 −0.069 0.002 0.12 0.97
 Sex −0.104 0.002 0.05 0.22 0.039 0.003 0.50 0.88 −0.082 0.004 0.11 0.26 0.010 0.003 0.83 0.93
 NICU stay −0.005 0.004 0.94 0.97 −0.066 0.008 0.36 0.67 0.006 0.008 0.93 0.97 0.020 0.006 0.72 0.97
 GA at delivery 0.034 0.001 0.64 0.93 0.001 0.001 0.99 0.99 0.075 0.001 0.29 0.86 0.029 0.001 0.63 0.93
 PMA at scan 0.345 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.183 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.509 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 −0.647 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
 Maternal BMI −0.026 0.000 0.63 0.80 0.013 0.000 0.82 0.87 0.078 0.000 0.13 0.41 0.072 0.000 0.11 0.39

Multiple linear regression results of the association between maternal cytokine concentrations and neonatal dMRI parameters. Covariates in models are child sex, NICU stay > 7 days, gestational age at delivery, infant postmenstrual age at scan, and maternal BMI pre-pregnancy. Bolded values indicate significant association after FDR correction for multiple comparisons.

β standardized beta coefficient, SE standard error, q FDR-corrected p-value; IL interleukin, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, FA fractional anisotropy, MD mean diffusivity; AD axial diffusivity, RD radial diffusivity, Sex child sex, GA, gestational age, PMA infant postmenstrual age.