Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study patients
| SR (n = 21) | pAF (n = 9) | cAF (n = 6) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, y (mean ± SEM) | 63.40 ± 1.8 | 71.7 ± 2.1* | 69.2 ± 3.0 |
| Female, n (%) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) |
| Height, cm (mean ± SEM) | 177.1 ± 1.5 | 171.2 ± 3.4 | 174.5 ± 4.0 |
| Body weight, kg (mean ± SEM) | 84.1 ± 2.8 | 77.6 ± 6.8 | 83.0 ± 7.6 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SEM) | 26.8 ± 0.8 | 26.2 ± 1.7 | 27.2 ± 2.2 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LVEF, % (mean ± SEM) | 52.5 ± 2.8 | 43.7 ± 4.7 | 47.2 ± 5.4 |
| LA diameter, mm (mean ± SEM) | 40.9 ± 1.0 | 47.5 ± 3.0 | 49.2 ± 3.0 |
| Valvular heart disease | |||
| Aortic stenosis | |||
| I | 1 (4.8) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.7) |
| I–II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II–III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) |
| III | 4 (19) | 4 (44.4) | 2 (33.3) |
| Aortic regurgitation | |||
| I | 2 (9.5) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) |
| I–II | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II–III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| III | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Mitral stenosis | |||
| I | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) |
| I–II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II–III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Mitral regurgitation | |||
| I | 13 (61.9) | 5 (55.6) | 2 (33.3) |
| I–II | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) |
| II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II–III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| III | 1 (4.8) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.7) |
| Tricuspid valve regurgitation | |||
| I | 5 (23.8) | 2 (22.2) | 3 (50) |
| I–II | 1 (4.8) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (16.7) |
| II | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II–III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Pulmonic valve regurgitation | |||
| I | 1 (4.8) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.7) |
| I–II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) |
| II–III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Medical History, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 20 (95.2) | 9 (100) | 5 (83.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (47.6) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (16.7) |
| Coronary heart disease | 16 (76.2) | 8 (88.9) | 4 (66.7) |
| DCM | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) |
| Concomitant medication, n (%) | |||
| ACE-inhibitors | 7 (33.3) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) |
| AT1-antagonists | 9 (42.9) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.7) |
| Valsartan + sacubitril | 4 (19.0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.7) |
| Statins | 19 (90.5) | 7 (77.8) | 3 (50.0) |
| Digitalis glycosides | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.7) |
| β-blockers | 12 (57.1) | 7 (77.8) | 6 (100) |
| SGLT2-inihibitors | 4 (19) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (16.7) |
| Class IIII AADs | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) |
AAD antiarrthythmic drugs; ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme; AT1 angiotensin II receptor type 1; BMI body mass index; cAF chronic atrial fibrillation; DCM dilated cardiomyopathy; LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction; pAF paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; SGLT2 sodium-glucose linked transporter 2; SR sinus rhythm. *p < 0.05 versus SR; from ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons procedure for continuous variables and from Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables