Table 3.

Characteristics of included interventions.

References	Intervention description	Intended recipients	Timing (T) and duration (D)	Delivery mode (M) and format (F)
	Interventions delivered in or from outpatient clinical settings (n = 22)
[41]	Website to prepare parents to take part in decision‐making during their consultation with a rehabilitation physician; helps families identify their needs + access information	Caregivers	T: As desired D: Not applicable	M: Virtual F: Individual
[42, 43]	Collaborative meetings between families + therapists, at clinic or home (family preference), to codevelop +  implement child development intervention, including family needs, activities + goals	Family, HCPs	T: Six weekly sessions D: Approximately 40 min each	M: IP F: Individual
[44]	Disease‐specific medical home care coordination programme that includes caregiver education (guidebook), team‐based care + clinical care plan	Children, caregivers	T: U/S D: U/S	M: U/S F: U/S
[46]	Online tool to engage caregivers in care planning. Caregivers identify + prioritize activities for participation and identify goals, attainment strategies, possible supports + barriers which are incorporated into a care plan report	Caregivers	T: U/S D: U/S	M: Virtual F: Individual
[49]	Online platform that: provides caregivers with information + resources on rehabilitation; facilitates communication (chat, video conference) with therapists + includes a forum for discussions among caregivers or with HCPs	Caregivers	T: U/S D: U/S	M: Virtual F: Individual
[56]	Educational video for caregivers about symptoms, treatment + side effects of leukaemia + testimonials, support from other families	Caregivers	T: Watched when timely D: 23 min	M: Virtual F: Individual
[58]	Tools + aids that HCPs use to facilitate communication with caregivers about care, family life + support needs; tool for caregivers to indicate care preferences	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: U/S D: U/S	M: U/S F: U/S
[64]	Gamified, interactive digital communication tool for child use in waiting rooms to highlight their symptoms, worries + fears to the HCP	Children, HCPs	T: U/S D: U/S	M: IP; virtual F: U/S
[66]	Palliative care/end of life communication sessions incorporated into clinic visits to plan treatment, discuss prognosis, encourage caregiver articulation of goals + values + support caregivers emotionally	Caregivers	T: Three sessions, 4–26 weeks after assessment D: Dependsa	M: IP F: U/S
[69]	Collection of patient‐reported outcomes, collaboratively identified by families + HCPs, during routine care, followed by co‐development of personalized future care plans	Children, family, HCPs	T: Access 1–2×/week D: 1 week to 8 months	M: Virtual F: Individual
[71]	Paediatric rehabilitation coaching session in which child + family's views, values and needs are identified + used to individualize a care plan	Children, caregivers, family	T: U/S D: U/S	M: U/S F: U/S
[72]	Redesign of the clinic's booking system to give caregivers responsibility to book routine consultations; provides information to caregivers on ideal consultation frequency, advice on when + how to seek help as needed	Children, caregivers	Not applicable	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[77]	Tailored, structured decision coaching sessions to help families identify treatment preferences, with emphasis on child input before caregiver input	Children, caregivers	T: U/S D: U/S	M: IP F: Individual
[78]	A paper‐based tool to facilitate documentation + discussion of care plan specifics (i.e., actions, people responsible, timeline), completed by families with help from nurse practitioner	Children, family, HCPs	T: 1 FU 2–3 weeks after first meeting D: First meeting 2 h, FU dependsa	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[82]	Care plan, developed by HCPs, is integrated into patient's electronic health record + made accessible via an online patient portal to facilitate communication between medical team + caregivers	Caregivers, HCPs	T: U/S D: Not applicable	M: Virtual F: Individual
[89]	Virtual platform to improve communication between families + HCPs: access to an individualized care plan, goal setting facilitation, medical history, educational resources. Families decide who may access sensitive information	Children, caregivers, HCPs	Not applicable	M: Virtual F: Individual
[90]	Educational programme includes assessing information needs using a checklist before a tailored physician‐led education session (with booklet) on disease, treatment + complications	Children, caregivers	T: 1 FU 4 weeks after first session D: First contact 20–30 min; FU U/S	M: IP F: U/S
[92]	Online portal for families to log asthma symptoms, facilitating self‐monitoring + education and clinic awareness of changes, patient monitoring + timely follow‐up	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: Weekly D: 1 year	M: Virtual F: Individual
[94]	Educational programme to improve HCP management of asthma, cross‐cultural communication + education practices via lectures, case studies, videos + interactive discussions	HCPs	T: Two sessions over 2 weeks D: 2.5 h each	M: IP F: Group
[97]	To encourage child involvement in clinic visits, waiting room educational videos delivered via iPad + question prompt list covering questions that the child/family may want to ask the HCP	Children, caregivers	T: One video session; prompt list U/S D: Videos 11 min (1–2 min each); prompt list U/S	M: IP F: Individual
[102]	Secure online system for communication among providers (so that caregivers do not have to act as messengers) + between providers +  caregivers (communications shared with the child's care network)	Caregivers, HCPs	T: Dependsa D: 6 months total	M: Virtual F: Individual
[103]	A communication “passport” tool used by children + caregivers to track details of services received + outcomes; information is shared with other HCPs	Children, caregivers	Not applicable	M: IP F: Individual
	Interventions delivered in or from inpatient clinical settings and emergency departments (n = 10)
[45]	Recommendations for hospital cost discussions with caregivers: where (at bedside), when (when child's medical status is stable) + how (should be transparent, optional + tailored to families' needs + preferences)	Caregivers	T: U/S D: U/S	M: IP F: U/S
[47]	Co‐development of early palliative care plan; support for caregivers to care for child's needs in the NICU; emotional + psychological support for caregivers + help to create visual memories	Children, siblings, caregivers	T: Dependsa D: U/S	M: U/S F: U/S
[53]	Perioperative programme responsive to the individual needs of children with ASD. All stages of surgery, from preparation to discharge, are designed to manage stress + provide comfort	Children, caregivers	T: U/S D: Varied: presurgery to 1 day postsurgery	M: IP; virtual F: U/S
[61]	NICU physical space redesign. Newborns are admitted to six‐bed pods + placed in single‐family rooms when they require stepped‐down care; family spaces accommodate family needs (e.g., showers + overnight stays)	Children, caregivers	T: 24/7 access, caregiver meetings 1×/week D: Not applicable	M: IP F: Individual
[75]	Cardiac surgery preparation to alleviate stress + anxiety in child patients through videos, games + toys + in caregivers through education + counselling	Children, caregivers	T: Once before surgery D: U/S	M: IP F: U/S
[76]	Mediation session with a transcultural team that facilitates: linguistic + cultural translation of medical information; families' articulation of their understanding + views of treatment options; collaboration between family + HCPs on a common story about the child's disease + life	Children, family, HCPs	T: One session D: 2–4 h	M: IP F: Individual
[79]	Enhancement of usual care with complementary therapies to alleviate pain + anxiety; therapies selected + tailored through collaboration between the child, family, nurse + integrative medicine specialist	Children, caregivers	T: Dependsa D: Dependsa	M: IP F: Individual
[81]	An animated robotic toy to provide medical play, offer distraction + facilitate emotional expression by children with cancer at the hospital or home	Children	T: Dependsa D: 3 days	M: IP F: Individual
[96]	Asthma care improvement initiative in the emergency department: processes to administer medication at admission + discharge; discharge instructions, care plan; team‐based communication; Spanish translation	Children, caregivers	T: One session predischarge D: 8 min	M: IP F: U/S
[99]	Two‐phase programme to support mothers by engaging them in safe infant care in the NICU + during transition to the general ward, providing information + negotiating mother participation preferences during NICU visiting hours	Caregivers	T: 2×/day D: Phase 30 min each; total duration dependsa	M: IP F: Individual
	Interventions to improve experiences of care delivered in the community (e.g., home, school, community clinic) (n = 9)
[48]	Primary care physicians can access rapid consultations with a child clinician/psychiatrist to answer questions+/or initiate referrals	HCPs	T: U/S D: U/S	M: IP; virtual F: U/S
[51]	HCPs + families co‐develop an action care plan; an online patient portal facilitates care follow‐up and family‐provider communication	Children, family	T: U/S D: U/S	M: IP; virtual F: U/S
[52]	School‐based psychiatric service to increase access: free assessment, treatment recommendations + follow‐up care support (e.g., wrap‐around needs, appropriate transition to community‐based mental health services)	Children, caregivers	T: Depends.a 3–4 FU D: U/S	M: IP F: U/S
[59]	Community‐based, ‘one‐stop‐shop’ allergy clinic; a general practitioner with allergy specialization, dietitian + nurse provide assessment, care coordination with primary care + care advice	Children	T: Dependsa D: First assessment 30 min, FU dependsa	M: IP F: U/S
[65]	Strategies to improve access to a school‐based asthma programme: (1) allow treatment to proceed with verbal caregiver consent; (2) give asthma care plan to caregivers; (3) support school staff to screen for potential cases	Children, caregivers	Not applicable	M: IP F: U/S
[67]	Early childhood, home‐based intervention; involves family needs assessment, individualizing a care plan, five home visits to coach caregivers on behavioural management skills + support to implement learned skills	Children, caregivers, family	T: Five home visits D: 1–1.5 h each over 3 months	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[83]	Team‐based, social worker‐led community care coordination, with regularly updated care coordination binder (care plan, medications, contact information)	Children	T: ≥1×/3 months D: Initial 1 h, FU 40 min each	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[84]	Child‐centred care model that includes capacity‐building/training for health care workers, age‐appropriate education tools for children + child‐friendly spaces in clinics	Children, caregivers, HCPs	Not applicable	M: IP F: U/S
[91]	Multidisciplinary team supports community care for children with neurodevelopmental disorders; educates + supports caregivers + preschool staff; delivers individualized developmental programmes for children	Children, caregivers	T: Biweekly, number dependsa D: U/S	M: IP F: U/S
	Interventions shared or transitioned between outpatient clinical settings and the patient's community (n = 11)
[54]	Training for caregivers on managing their child's conduct problems at home (educational videos followed by virtual sessions with a clinician)	Caregivers	T: Videos before sessions; 6–10 weekly sessions D: Videos 7–19 min each, sessions 50–60 min each	M: Virtual F: U/S
[55]	Telehealth consultation with a surgeon/specialist for remote families; includes education + coordination of lab testing	Children, family	T: U/S D: 30–45 min each	M: Virtual F: Individual
[62]	Epilepsy telemedicine programme connecting rural posts to a secondary care centre to facilitate tertiary referral, ensure follow‐up + improve consistent access to antileptics	Children, caregivers	Not applicable	M: Virtual F: Individual
[68]	Telemedicine intervention connecting rural families from a remote clinic office to haematologist + other allied health professionals; on‐site physical exams	Children, caregivers	Not applicable	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[73, 74]	Collaborative management of health condition; coordinated by a care manager + primary care providers. After identification of family goals, coordination of on‐site services with specialists: education, training, support + coaching for caregivers on home management	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: Six to 12 sessions D: Up to 12 h over 6 months	M: IP; virtual F: Individual; group
[85]	Group psychoeducation programme to improve children's knowledge of their medications + help caregivers support their children to take on a larger role in managing their medications	Children, caregivers	T: Five sessions D: 90 min each	M: IP F: Group
[86]	CPG recommends, inter alia: sharing information tailored to child capacity, family needs + preferences; development of care plan for caregivers' needs; access to trained advocate; HCP cultural competency training	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: U/S D: U/S	M: U/S F: U/S
[87]	CPG recommends, inter alia: creating a shared treatment plan; tailoring information + support for children + families; identifying child concerns + preferences	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: U/S D: U/S	M: U/S F: U/S
[95]	Care coordination by paediatric hospitals to enable children with medical complexity to remain with a local medical home + local services; includes home visit to assess needs + barriers to care, team review of the case, development of care plan + coordination strategy	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: Home visit, team review: 1 each, 2 FU 1 + 6 months after D: 45–120 min, FU U/S	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[98]	Telemedicine consultation connecting children + families at home to a renal dietitian to facilitate information sharing about diagnosis + treatment	Children, family	T: U/S D: U/S	M: Virtual F: Individual
[100]	Single point of access to mental health services. Children are assessed after referral + assigned to suitable providers. Care + recovery are tailored to child's needs. Programme includes crisis team + after‐hour services	Children, caregivers	T: U/S D: U/S	M: IP; virtual F: U/S
	Interventions shared or transitioned between inpatient clinical settings and the patient's community (n = 7)
[50]	Online care coordination to reduce system expenditures; includes: development of a care plan, advice on health systems navigation, access to a range of services, health education + consultations/coaching with community health workers	Children, caregivers	T: First meeting + FUs every 2–12 weeks; Dependsa D: U/S	M: IP; virtual F: U/S
[60]	Medical home programme following NICU discharge; predischarge needs assessment + home care education; post‐discharge primary care service, support to access care and services, emotional support + structured team care coordination	Children, caregivers	T: Dependsa D: First meeting 30–60 min, FU U/S	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[63]	A nurse provides support for home care, including a 6‐month care plan, home management education, support after discharge + online platform for timely problem‐solving	Children, family	T: Visits U/S, phone 1×/week D: 6 months	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[70]	Early neurorehabilitation programme in which a multidisciplinary specialist team conducts needs assessment, coordinates with community care, proactively plans discharge + supports transition to long‐term or local care	Children	T: U/S D: Over course of 24 h	M: IP F: U/S
[80]	Placement of a paediatric trauma nurse to coordinate care for high risk inpatients. Follows care from admission to postdischarge, coordinates follow‐up care services, liaises with child's care team, communicates with the family	Children, family, HCPs	T: Dependsa D: Underreported (≥3 months)	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
[88]	CPG recommends, inter alia: involving a multidisciplinary team in addressing care needs + developing family‐centred communication strategies	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: U/S D: U/S	M: U/S F: U/S
[93]	Hospital‐to‐home transition programme ensures families receive medication before discharge, coordinates with primary care and schools, provides telephone access to a patient navigator postdischarge + makes a referral for a home evaluation of asthma triggers	Children, caregivers, HCPs	T: Navigator contact 1–2/month; coordination, home evaluation U/S D: Over 6 months	M: IP; virtual F: Individual
	Interventions shared or transitioned between inpatient and outpatient clinical settings (n = 2)
[57]	Care coordination by designated providers: Nurse is a member of the care team; provides continuity during hospitalization, accompanies families to outpatient visits, maintains care plan. Care coordination assistant provides logistical + emotional support to families	Children, caregivers	Not applicable	M: IP; virtual F: U/S
[101]	Group programme to educate children with chronic pain and their caregivers about pain management strategies (relaxation, cognitive behavioural skills) through a video, workbook + goal‐setting exercises	Children, caregivers	T: One session D: Session U/S, video 40 min	M: IP F: Individual; group

Abbreviations: CPG, clinical practice guideline; FU, follow‐up; HCP, health care provider; IP, in‐person; NICU, newborn intensive care unit; U/S, unspecified.

^a ‘Depends’ defined as: Intervention timing and/or duration depends on the needs and preferences of the recipients and/or their families