Table 1.

List of variables and measurement.

Variables	Symbol	Indicator	Measurement	Justification
Sustainable Mineral Management	SMM	Mineral Depletion Rate (% of GNI)	SMM (%) = (Mineral Extraction/Remaining Mineral Reserves) * 100	Indicator of responsible mineral resource management, considering extraction rate and remaining reserves.
FinTech Adoption	FinTech	Internet Users (% of individuals)	FinTech Adoption (%) = (Number of Individuals Using the Internet for Financial Transactions/Total Population) * 100	Measure of FinTech adoption in mining sector based on internet usage for financial transactions.
Investment in Sustainable Mining Technologies	ISMT	R&D Expenditures (% of GDP) - Mineral Resource Rents (% of GDP)	ISMT (% of GDP) = R&D Expenditures (% of GDP) - Mineral Resource Rents (% of GDP)	Calculation of investments in sustainable mining technologies, accounting for mineral resource rents.
Government Support for FinTech in Mining	GSFTM	Ease of Doing Business Score (0–100)	Ease of Doing Business Score (0–100) = (Σ(Indicator Score * Indicator Weight)) * (100/Maximum Possible Score)	Score reflecting government support for FinTech adoption in mining industry based on ease of doing business.
Environmental Compliance	ENVCOMP	CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (% of total fuel combustion)	ENVCOMP (%) = (CO2 emissions/total fuel combustion) * 100	Indicator of mining companies' environmental compliance based on CO2 emissions from manufacturing and construction.
Social License to Operate	SLO	Rule of Law Index (−2.5 to 2.5)	SLO = ((Index Value - 0)/(100–0)) * (2.5 - (−2.5)) + (−2.5)	Measure of social license to operate based on the transformed Rule of Law Index.
Technological Infrastructure Readiness	TIR	Fixed Broadband Subscriptions per 100 individuals	TIR = (Number of Fixed Broadband Subscriptions/Total Population) * 100	Indicator of technological infrastructure readiness for FinTech adoption in mining based on fixed broadband subscriptions.

Source: World Bank (2023).