Table 6.

Granger causality estimates.

Unidirectional Causality	Decision	Bidirectional Causality	Decision
FINTECH → SMM	Financial technology –led sustainable mineral management and technological infrastructure readiness.	GSFTM ↔ FINTECH	Dynamic and mutually influential relationship between government support for FinTech in mining and the adoption of financial technology in the sector
FINTECH → TIR
ENVCOMP → SLO	Environmental compliance –led social license to operate mining and technological readiness.	GSFTM ↔ SMM	Interconnectedness of policy interventions, technological advancements, and environmental considerations in the mining sector.
ENVCOMP → TIR
TIR → SLO	Technology readiness –led social license to operate mining.
GSFTM → TIR	Government support for FinTech in mining –led technology readiness.

Source: Author's estimate.