Table 1.
Clinical and cardiometabolic characteristics at 1-year, 3-years and 5-years postpartum in study population, stratified into tertiles of corrected insulin response (CIR) at 1-year.
| Lowest CIR tertile |
Middle CIR tertile |
Highest CIR tertile |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (0.01–0.30) (n = 102) | (0.30–0.56) (n = 102) | (0.56–10.95) (n = 102) | ||
| At 1-year | ||||
| Age (years) | 36.6 (4.8) | 36.9 (3.9) | 36.1 (4.2) | 0.40 |
| Ethnicity: | 0.17 | |||
| White n (%) | 77 (75) | 70 (69) | 72 (71) | |
| Asian n (%) | 16 (16) | 21 (21) | 12 (12) | |
| Other n (%) | 9 (9) | 11 (11) | 18 (18) | |
| Family history of DM n (%) | 62 (61) | 63 (62) | 65 (64) | 0.91 |
| Parity: | 0.68 | |||
| One n (%) | 55 (54) | 51 (50) | 47 (46) | |
| Two n (%) | 39 (38) | 39 (38) | 46 (45) | |
| >2 n (%) | 8 (8) | 12 (12) | 9 (9) | |
| Previous GDM (%) | 45 (44) | 33 (32) | 24 (24) | 0.007 |
| Breastfeeding (months) | 8.5 (4.7) | 8.4 (4.9) | 7.9 (5.9) | 0.62 |
| Total physical activity | 8.3 (1.5) | 8.3 (1.3) | 7.9 (1.2) | 0.09 |
| Sport index | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) | 0.38 |
| Leisure time index | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.5) | 0.19 |
| Work index | 2.8 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.6) | 0.07 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (5.2) | 25.6 (4.7) | 26.4 (5.0) | 0.10 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.7 (11.8) | 88.1 (12.6) | 89.5 (12.4) | 0.016 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.7 (0.8) | 4.7 (0.9) | 4.6 (0.8) | 0.60 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.7) | 0.88 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.018 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.06 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 0.9 (0.4–2.6) | 1.0 (0.6–2.1) | 1.6 (0.7–3.4) | 0.006 |
| Insulin sensitivity/resistance: | ||||
| Matsuda index | 11.1 (7.4–15.4) | 7.1 (4.9–11.1) | 6.9 (4.3–11.5) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 1.6 (1.0–2.2) | <0.001 |
| Beta-cell function: | ||||
| ISSI-2 | 598 (237) | 744 (252) | 912 (307) | <0.001 |
| IGI/HOMA-IR | 4.8 (2.6–7.5) | 8.4 (6.2–12.6) | 15.3 (10.6–25.3) | <0.001 |
| OGTT: | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.9 (0.6) | 4.8 (0.4) | 4.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/l) | 6.9 (2.0) | 6.3 (1.5) | 5.5 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| CIR | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | <0.001 |
| At 3-years | ||||
| Total physical activity | 8.3 (1.7) | 8.3 (1.6) | 8.0 (1.3) | 0.20 |
| Sport index | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.37 |
| Leisure time index | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 0.36 |
| Work index | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.6) | 0.75 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 (5.5) | 25.7 (4.9) | 26.3 (4.8) | 0.30 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.9 (12.4) | 88.4 (11.8) | 89.4 (12.4) | 0.11 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.6 (0.9) | 4.5 (0.9) | 0.52 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.7) | 0.72 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.038 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.23 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 0.8 (0.3–1.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.0) | 1.4 (0.5–3.3) | 0.032 |
| Insulin sensitivity/resistance: | ||||
| Matsuda index | 8.7 (5.5–11.5) | 6.9 (4.4–9.6) | 7.1 (3.8–10.9) | 0.07 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.5 (1.0–2.5) | 0.036 |
| Beta-cell function: | ||||
| ISSI-2 | 674 (276) | 772 (270) | 920 (403) | <0.001 |
| IGI/HOMA-IR | 6.2 (4.2–11.1) | 9.4 (6.3–13.6) | 13.2 (8.8–22.8) | <0.001 |
| OGTT: | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.9 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/l) | 7.0 (2.1) | 6.4 (1.8) | 6.0 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Pre-diabetes/diabetes n (%) | 29 (28) | 24 (24) | 11 (11) | 0.006 |
| Change in CIR from 1-year | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | 0.0 (−0.1–0.2) | −0.2 (−0.4–0.2) | <0.001 |
| CIR | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | <0.001 |
| At 5-years | ||||
| Total physical activity | 8.1 (1.6) | 8.3 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.4) | 0.13 |
| Sport index | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.0) | 0.21 |
| Leisure time index | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | 2.9 (0.6) | 0.17 |
| Work index | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | 0.83 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 (5.3) | 25.6 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.7) | 0.26 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.3 (14.3) | 87.6 (11.5) | 89.7 (10.8) | 0.33 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.6 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.8) | 0.97 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.7) | 0.75 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.09 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.71 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 1.0 (0.5–2.6) | 0.8 (0.4–2.2) | 1.3 (0.4–3.1) | 0.14 |
| Insulin sensitivity/resistance: | ||||
| Matsuda index | 8.1 (4.9–11.4) | 6.8 (4.4–10.7) | 6.8 (4.1–9.4) | 0.09 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.018 |
| Beta-cell function: | ||||
| ISSI-2 | 646 (279) | 711 (235) | 937 (361) | <0.001 |
| IGI/HOMA-IR | 6.9 (4.5–10.2) | 9.2 (5.9–12.5) | 13.1 (8.2–18.9) | <0.001 |
| OGTT: | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.7 (0.4) | 4.6 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/l) | 7.6 (2.7) | 6.8 (1.5) | 6.0 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Pre-diabetes/diabetes n (%) | 36 (35) | 25 (25) | 12 (12) | <0.001 |
| Change in CIR from 1-year | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0 (−0.1–0.2) | −0.1 (−0.4–0.2) | <0.001 |
| CIR | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | <0.001 |
Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (if normal distribution) or median followed by interquartile range in parentheses (if skewed distribution). Categorical variables are presented as absolute number followed by percentage in parentheses. Bold indicates p < 0.05.