Table 1.
Characteristics of the 915 participants with MetS-associated high blood pressure according to the intensity of antihypertensive medication therapy∗
| Characteristics | Number of antihypertensive medication classes used simultaneously |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | ≥ 3† | |
| Participants, n (%) | 238 (26.0) | 385 (42.1) | 217 (23.7) | 75 (8.2) |
| Age, years | 56.7 ± 7.4 | 57.8 ± 7.4 | 58.5 ± 7.1 | 59.0 ± 6.9 |
| Sex/gender, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 123 (51.7) | 188 (48.8) | 103 (47.5) | 38 (50.7) |
| Women | 115 (48.3) | 197 (51.2) | 114 (52.5) | 37 (49.3) |
| Annual household income, n (%) | ||||
| Less than $49,999 | 86 (36.1) | 126 (32.7) | 82 (37.8) | 36 (48.0) |
| $50,000-$99,999 | 88 (37.0) | 182 (47.3) | 99 (45.6) | 30 (40.0) |
| More than $100,000 | 64 (26.9) | 77 (20.0) | 36 (16.6) | 9 (12.0) |
| Self-reported history of BP cholesterol, n (%) | 85 (35.7) | 150 (39.0) | 101 (46.5) | 25 (33.3) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 86 (36.1) | 175 (45.5) | 90 (41.5) | 27 (36.0) |
| Past | 115 (48.3) | 162 (42.1) | 102 (47.0) | 40 (53.3) |
| Current | 37 (15.6) | 48 (12.5) | 25 (11.5) | 8 (10.7) |
| Alcohol consumption, grams/day | 12.2 ± 18.8 | 11.4 ± 20.0 | 10.9 ± 14.4 | 11.7 ± 16.9 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 1,966 ± 701 | 1,957 ± 721 | 1,865 ± 694 | 1,892 ± 663 |
| DASH score, points | 23.9 ± 4.8 | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 24.1 ± 4.5 | 23.5 ± 5.4 |
| Physical activity level, n (%) | ||||
| Low | 40 (16.8) | 65 (16.9) | 47 (21.7) | 16 (21.3) |
| Moderate | 111 (46.6) | 179 (46.5) | 102 (47.0) | 26 (34.7) |
| High | 87 (36.6) | 141 (36.6) | 68 (31.3) | 33 (44.0) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 101 ± 14 | 101 ± 13 | 103 ± 12 | 106 ± 14 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.0 ± 5.4 | 30.0 ± 5.2 | 31.3 ± 5.6 | 33.1 ± 7.4 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 137 ± 17 | 132 ± 14 | 130 ± 16 | 130 ± 16 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 82 ± 11 | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 75 ± 10 |
| Framingham risk score | ||||
| Low (< 10%) | 53 (22.3) | 102 (26.5) | 62 (28.6) | 19 (25.3) |
| Moderate (10-19%) | 97 (40.8) | 158 (41.0) | 82 (37.8) | 37 (49.3) |
| High (≥ 20%) | 88 (37.0) | 125 (32.5) | 73 (33.6) | 19 (25.3) |
| BP-lowering medication class, n (%) | ||||
| Alpha adrenergic receptors‡ | 0 (0) | 5 (1.3) | 3 (1.4) | 5 (6.7) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 0 (0) | 71 (18.4) | 38 (17.5) | 16 (21.3) |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 0 (0) | 153 (39.7) | 53 (24.4) | 21 (28.0) |
| Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers | 0 (0) | 54 (14.0) | 55 (25.4) | 35 (46.7) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 0 (0) | 53 (13.8) | 46 (21.2) | 58 (77.3) |
| Diuretics | 0 (0) | 49 (12.7) | 65 (30.0) | 27 (36.0) |
| Number of BP-lowering pills, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 0 (0) | 385 (100) | 87 (40.1) | 0 (0) |
| 2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 129 (59.5) | 34 (45.3) |
| 3 or more | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 41 (54.7) |
| Therapeutic intensity score§ | 0 | 0.48 ± 0.34 | 0.76 ± 0.50 | 0.80 ± 0.44 |
BP, blood pressure; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SD, standard deviation.
∗
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD. Categorical variables are presented as count (percent).
†
Three classes, n = 59; 4 classes, n = 12; 5 classes, n = 3; 6 classes, n = 1.
‡
A total of 9 of 13 individuals using alpha-adrenergic receptors were women.
§
Data on the Therapeutic Intensity Score were available for n = 594 of 915 participants (no medication: n = 238; 1 class: n = 204; 2 classes: n = 113; ≥ 3 classes: n = 39).