Table. Clinical Characteristics of Neonates With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) From a High-Income Country (HIC) or South Asia.
| Characteristic | Neonates with HIE, No. (%) | P value (HIC vs South Asia)a | Healthy controls in HIC cohort, No. (%) (n = 14) | P value (with HIE vs healthy controls)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIC cohort (n = 35) | South Asia cohort (n = 99) | ||||
| Maternal | |||||
| Hypertension | 3 (8.6) | 7 (7.0) | .40 | 0 | .02 |
| Diabetes | 1 (2.8) | 2 (2.0) | .48 | 0 | .04 |
| Hypothyroidism | 2 (5.7) | 1 (1.0) | .16 | 0 | .05 |
| Intrapartum sentinel events | 12 (34.3) | 16 (16.2) | .02 | 0 | .29 |
| Neonatal | |||||
| Emergency cesarean delivery | 16 (45.7) | 27 (27.3) | .05 | 0 | .002 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 21 (60.0) | 42 (42.4) | .08 | 9 (64.3) | >.99 |
| Male | 14 (40.0) | 57 (57.6) | .08 | 5 (35.7) | >.99 |
| Birth weight, median (IQR), kg | 3.3 (3.0-3.6) | 2.9 (2.7-3.3) | <.001 | 3.4 (3.2-3.7) | .52 |
| Gestational age, median (IQR), wk | 40.0 (39.0-40.6) | 39.0 (38.0-40.0) | .008 | 39.2 (38.9-40.4) | .92 |
| Umbilical cord pH, median (IQR) | 7.0 (6.9-7.0) | 7.1 (6.8-7.3) | <.001 | NA | NA |
| 5-min Apgar score, median (IQR) | 6.5 (5.0-8.0) | 5.0 (4.0-6.0) | <.001 | 10.0 (9.5-10.0) | <.001 |
| Intubation at birth | 14 (40.0) | 50 (50.5) | .32 | 0 | .01 |
| Clinical course | |||||
| Moderate encephalopathy | 31 (88.6) | 76 (76.8) | .15 | 0 | NA |
| Severe encephalopathy | 4 (11.4) | 23 (23.2) | .15 | 0 | NA |
| Induced hypothermia (sample collection within 6 h after birth) | 35 (100.0) | 44 (44.4) | NA | 0 | NA |
| Seizuresb | 10 (28.6) | 87 (87.9) | <.001 | 0 | NA |
| Age of onset of seizures, median (IQR), h | 18.0 (13.2-25.3) | 3.0 (1.0-5.0) | .002 | NA | NA |
| Early-onset culture-positive sepsis | 0 | 3 (3.0) | .56 | 0 | NA |
| MRI | |||||
| MRI available | 32 (91.4) | 62 (62.6) | <.001 | 0 | NA |
| Basal ganglia or thalamic injury | 8 (25.0) | 16 (25.8) | >.99 | NA | NA |
| White-matter injury | 10 (31.3) | 44 (71.0) | <.001 | NA | NA |
| Cortical injury | 4 (12.5) | 15 (24.2) | .27 | NA | NA |
| Outcomes at 18-22 mo | |||||
| Death | 4 (11.4) | 40 (40.4) | .002 | NA | NA |
| Moderate or severe disability | 7 (20.0) | 11 (11.1) | .24 | NA | NA |
| Death and moderate or severe disability | 11 (31.4) | 51 (51.5) | .04 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not applicable.
a
P < .01 was statistically significant.
b
Seizures were electrographic and/or clinical in an HIC, whereas seizures were only clinical and electroencephalographic data were not obtained in South Asia.