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. 2024 Feb 3;12:18. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01718-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Predictive models for immune markers. Each row within each square represents one model. Circles represent predictors included in models. Predictors were determined by backwards stepwise regression feature selection. Location was retained in all models, viral load in the 2 PLWH cohorts, and HIV diagnosis date in the ART-experienced cohort. Predictors that had a significant impact on the model are colored red (↑/positive) or blue (↓/negative). Gender (up) represents higher values in males; location (up) represents higher values in the rural location; BMI categories (up) represent higher values with higher BMI; water source (up) represents higher values in people who drink from wells as opposed to tap; education level (up) represents higher values in people who went to secondary school as compared to tertiary; manual job (up) represents higher values in those who do work manual jobs as compared to those who do not. “Model NS” means that the overall model was not significant despite the predictor being significant. Gray circles represent non-significant predictors