Floristic inventory and distribution characteristics of algific talus slopes in a specific area of forest biodiversity in South Korea

Jong-Won Lee; Ho-Geun Yun; Tae Young Hwang; Kyungmin Kim; Se-Hoon Jung; Jong Bin An

doi:10.3897/BDJ.11.e113952

. 2023 Dec 18;11:e113952. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e113952

Floristic inventory and distribution characteristics of algific talus slopes in a specific area of forest biodiversity in South Korea

Jong-Won Lee ¹, Ho-Geun Yun ², Tae Young Hwang ², Kyungmin Kim ³, Se-Hoon Jung ³, Jong Bin An ^2,^✉

PMCID: PMC10838045 PMID: 38312337

Abstract

Background

This study conducted a survey for establishing in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures for northern lineage plants that are vulnerable to climate change and for designating Forest Genetic Resource Reserve for 25 algific talus slope sites, which are specific areas of forest biodiversity. The survey was conducted in South Korea within a distance of 50 m to the east, west, north and south from the core area where wind blows to the algific talus slopes. The study was conducted once or twice per season from April 2016 to November 2021.

New information

Vascular plants of 25 algific talus slope sites in South Korea included a total of 1,052 taxa of 125 families, 486 genera, 947 species, 23 subspecies, 75 variety and 7 forma. The maximum surveyed area was 0.09 km², accounting for only 0.00014% of the 62,860 km² forest area in Korea, but comprise 22.27% of the 4,724 species of vascular plants in Korea. The algific talus slopes are areas rich in forest biodiversity. Six taxa were categorized as endangered, including Paeoniaobovata Maxim. Sixty-seven taxa, including Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl.; 58 taxa endemic to the Korean Peninsula, including Weigelasubsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey; and 317 taxa of floristic target plants were categorized as rare plants in the Red list. Further, 181 taxa were identified as northern lineage plants and 32 taxa, including Sillaphytonpodagraria (H. Boissieu) Pimenov, were limestone area plants. Regarding alien plants, 75 taxa, including Oenotherabiennis L., were identified and the naturalization and urbanization rates were 7.13% and 12.12%, respectively. Plants specific to the phytogeography of the 25 algific talus slope sites in this study were Vacciniumvitis-idaea L., Rosakoreana Kom., SyringavillosaVahlsubsp.wolfii (C.K. Schneid.) Jin Y.Chen & D.Y. Hong, Lonicerachrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb., Tephroserisflammea (Turcz. ex DC.) Holub, among others.

Keywords: Algific talus slope, Korea endemic plants, rare plants, floristic target species, alien plants, phytogeographic plants

Introduction

Biodiversity refers to the diversity of the biological species on the Earth as well as the diversity of the ecosystems the species inhabit and diversity of the genes they exhibit (United Nations 1992). Advancement in the economy in the 20^th century led to sudden urbanization and indiscrete exploitation of natural resources, resulting in rapid increase in the temperature of the Earth due to climate change and global warming (Boo et al. 2006). Acceleration of climate change led to disturbance or alteration of habitats of plants growing in alpine and subalpine zones (Kim and Lee 2011) and the disappearance of the species that failed to adapt to the changing environment (Lee et al. 2022a). Additionally, species population and biodiversity reduced as invasive alien plants dominated the habitats of endemic species, resulting in the elimination of these species from their natural habitats (Kong et al. 2011). Moreover, the reduction of biodiversity is occurring at an unprecedented rate corresponding to the everincreasing causal activities such as overexploitation. Particularly, the COVID-19 pandemic experience has demonstrated the importance of the relationship between humans and nature. The well-being and survival of humans have been predicted to be severely affected by the continuous loss of biodiversity and destruction of the ecosystem (Locke et al. 2021). As biodiversity provides various ecosystem services and has a substantial role in the sustainability of the Earth, ecosystem and humans, there is an urgent need to develop measures that support systematic conservation and sustainable utilization of nature with respect to biodiversity at a national level.

Algific talus slopes are characterized by locally detected unique micrometeorological phenomena such as cold air blowing or water getting frozen during summer and warm wind blowing during winter in a hole or crack on the rock (Kong et al. 2012). In a situation where the habitat of polar and alpine plants that grow at low temperatures is gradually decreasing due to global warming or climate change, the micrometeorological phenomenon of wind holes that maintain a constant temperature regardless of the season is very important as a refuge for plants sensitive to high temperatures. It is thus known that rare plants and plants that are uncommon in the environments at close proximity to humans are widely distributed on the algific talus slopes. Notably, as the habitats of polar and alpine plants that naturally grow in low temperature regions are being continuously reduced due to global warming or climate change, the micrometeorological phenomena on algific talus slopes, where low temperature is maintained even in summer, are critical for providing a refuge for plants sensitive to high temperatures and for the conservation of rare and endangered species (Kong et al. 2017).

Various studies have been conducted in South Korea and other countries on algific talus slopes. In advanced countries such as the U.S. and Japan, the importance of algific talus slopes has been recognized, which has led to their designation as reserve areas for protection. Since 1989, algific talus slopes in the U.S. have been designated as natural wildlife reserves and are managed as such; furthermore, in Japan, continuous studies are conducted on the algific talus slopes in central and northern regions of Honshu (Iokawa and Ishizawa 2003). In South Korea, data on algific talus slopes have been compiled since 1926 with the investigation of forests during the Japanese colonial era. A previous study reported a total of 149 algific talus slopes distributed across the nation (Park 2017). The Rio Convention has emphasized the importance of promoting biodiversity in response to climate change through continuous management, such as topographic and species distribution monitoring. Despite such efforts, all algific talus slopes other than that in Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon, designated as the Forest Gene Resource Reserve (FGRR), are yet to be designated and managed as a reserve and concerns have been raised regarding their destruction (Kim et al. 2016).

The Korea Forest Service designates and manages the FGRRs as forests that require protection and management to conserve the plants within forest ecosystems. The designation of FGRRs is performed by the mayor, governor or local branch of the Korea Forest Service. There are seven types of forests designated as reserve areas: virgin forest, rare and valuable forest, rare plant habitat, alpine plant habitat, forest marsh and valley, natural ecosystem reserve and useful plant habitat. However, most algific talus slopes are currently not designated as reserve areas despite the urgent requirement of active forest management. Hence, algific talus slopes should be designated as FGRRs or there is a need for Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs). OECMs are regional measures to conserve the biodiversity in and around a reserve area. An area of OECMs is not a reserve area but a geographically defined area that is managed in ways to achieve positive and continuous long-term results towards the conservation of biodiversity and the relevant ecosystem functions and services. The goal is to conserve an area with cultural, spiritual, social and economic values (Hong et al. 2017, Convention on Biological Diversity 2018).

This study was conducted to rediscover the phytogeographic values of algific talus slopes by investigating the distribution of five types across 25 algific talus slopes as the specific areas of forest biodiversity. This will aid in developing optimal conservation measures for algific talus slopes that serve as a refuge for northern lineage plants among alpine plants and those vulnerable to climate change, as well as providing basic data for the systematic management of algific talus slopes and facilitating the designation of algific talus slopes as FGRRs.

Materials and methods

Study site

Arboretum of Korea Forest Service (Korea National Arboretum 2013, Suppl. material 1, Fig. 1). Algific talus slopes are classified into five types: talus, cave, dent, vertical cave and others. According to the current status of algific talus slopes by type, 14 algific talus slopes are type talus (e.g. Bangnae-ri, Nae-myeon, Hongcheon-gun), 4 algific talus slopes are type cave (Dongmak-ri, Yeoncheon-eup, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do), 4 algific talus slopes are type dent (Milyang Ice Valley of Samyang-ri, Sannae-myeon, Milyang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do), 1 algific talus slope is type vertical cave (Geom-eun Oreum of Seonheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Jeju-si, Jeju-do) and 2 algific talus slopes are type others (one of Gwandong-ri, Hwasan-myeon, Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do and the other of Gwnagjeom-dong, Macheon-myeon, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do) (Fig. 8).

Figure 1. — Map showing location of survey areas.

Figure 8. — 3 major types (Talus, Cave and Dent) of algific talus slopes in South Korea.

Method

Vascular plants were investigated in each season during April 2016 to November 2021. In the investigation, we aimed to cover up to 50 m to the east, west, south and north from the centre of the core area from where the wind blows to the algific talus slopes. The detected plants were mainly identified on-site. The plants that posed a difficulty in identification were made into a specimen to be identified at the laboratory in reference to Korea National Arboretum 2008a, Korea National Arboretum 2011, Korea National Arboretum 2012, Lee 2014a, Lee 2014b, Korea National Arboretum 2016, Korea National Arboretum 2019bVscular plants were listed in order from pteridophytes to gymnosperms to angiosperms according to the Engler’s classification system (Melchior 1964). The scientific names were recorded according to the National Standard Floristic Inventory (Korea National Arboretum 2023). The names of rare plants and Red list species were recorded in reference to Korea National Arboretum (2008b), Korea National Arboretum (2021), National Institute of Biological Resources (2021)and those for endangered wildlife were recorded in reference to Korea Ministry of Envrionment (2023). Chung et al. (2017) and Korea National Arboretum (2022) were referred for the endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. For the endemic species, references were made to National Institute of Biological Resources (2013), National Institute of Biological Resources (2020). The floristic target species were recorded according to the class defined by National Institute of Ecology (2018). The northern lineage plants of the Korean Peninsula were recorded according to Gantsetseg et al. (2020) and the 300 species threatened by climate change were recorded according to Korea National Arboretum (2010). The limestone area plants were listed according to Kim et al. (2021). The alien plants and invasive alien plants were listed in reference to the national floristic inventory of alien plants Korea National Arboretum (2019a) and Kang et al. (2020), respectively. The calculation of the Naturalization Index (NI) and Urbanization Index (UI) was based on Numata and Kotaki (1975) and Kim et al. (2000), respectively.

The set of all the records collected for the present work was included in the dataset of occurrences of vascular plant on algific talus slopes in South Korea, which was published through GBIF (An and Lee 2023).

The distribution of the species listed below is based on The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023).

Checklists

Checklist of vascular plant on algific talus slopes in South Korea

Huperzia miyoshiana

(Makino) Ching, 1981

43347B93-6B52-5CCC-B1BC-4DD82C556FA6

Distribution

Alaska to NW. U.S.A., Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Huperzia serrata

(Thunb.) Trevis., 1874

44092BB2-BF2A-5F19-8B6E-610AF1A61332

Distribution

Russian Far East to NE. China and Japan, Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, Cuba to Hispaniola

Lycopodium annotinum

L., 1753

D1BBA7C9-11C8-5979-ADF0-7BF55C4E8016

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Lycopodium obscurum

L., 1753

B2C675A1-0043-5A02-A02B-3AD9435F5D78

Distribution

Russian Far East, Subarctic America to U.S.A.

Selaginella helvetica

(L.) Spring, 1838

2A570FE0-FF62-5571-B496-B503A3E40BE6

Distribution

Europe to Japan and Himalaya

Selaginella involvens

(Sw.) Spring, 1843

BC44BFBA-6D0F-5607-B357-E7FEA7FAA804

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to NW. Pacific

Selaginella rossii

(Baker) Warb., 1900

EBF69D36-33B5-5EAE-8728-FA8BFA04EEB0

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Selaginella tamariscina

(P.Beauv.) Spring, 1843

E6528388-1CF9-5D88-B06D-832A06779C8C

Distribution

Russian Far East to Central & South Malesia

Equisetum arvense

L., 1753

EF5DB4C4-AFA1-5203-ACE8-B0FE47D33B29

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Osmunda cinnamomea

L., 1753

5066ADBF-5EBB-5A9E-B82F-5F406EBCBDCE

Distribution

New World, Arunachal Pradesh to Russian Far East and North Indo-China

Osmunda japonica

Thunb., 1780

E07B3CAA-5408-5B53-8652-A0834DFA12A5

Distribution

Pakistan to Sakhalin and Indo-China

Crepidomanes minutum

(Blume) K.Iwats., 1985

E6417977-799A-5C4A-9F97-64BC620A92A1

Distribution

India to Ogasawara-shoto and Pacific

Dennstaedtia hirsuta

(Sw.) Mett. ex Miq., 1867

4B826784-FCAA-5F65-9462-C9FDFEAAD99C

Distribution

China to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Dennstaedtia wilfordii

(T.Moore) Christ, 1910

FA4C551B-10E8-5873-A93C-6A1E0323B299

Distribution

Pakistan to West Himalaya, South Russian Far East to China and Japan

Microlepia strigosa

(Thunb.) C.Presl, 1851

741AA0DE-512F-561E-9CC3-23CBD048BB7E

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Pacific

Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum

(Desv.) Underw. ex A.Heller, 1909

E6799F54-58A7-5F46-A30A-58D3048F73D1

Distribution

India to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia, Canada to North Mexico

Cystopteris fragilis

(L.) Bernh., 1806

7E051ADF-FA2E-5AAB-9C27-1C7F3156248F

Distribution

Cosmopolitan

Gymnocarpium dryopteris

(L.) Newman, 1851

3CC6527F-5D55-5970-9132-84292EFB808B

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Gymnocarpium jessoense

(Koidz.) Koidz. 1936

5D39E1CA-5A32-536D-800B-2DC8862A55B2

Distribution

Himalaya to Siberia and Japan

Adiantum pedatum

L., 1753

888B276B-DA08-5A52-94F1-6C7B558A6026

Distribution

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Japan

Cheilanthes argentea

(S.G.Gmel.) Kunze, 1850

0A4651E9-2E40-5F8D-8AA0-00A324414A67

Distribution

Siberia to Japan and North Indo-China

Coniogramme intermedia

Hieron., 1916

1C43196C-43D7-5FFC-8B76-A3DF0158071B

Distribution

Pakistan to Russian Far East and Indo-China, Taiwan

Coniogramme japonica

(Thunb.) Diels, 1899

385847AB-7D47-5BC1-AD70-BE3B55E111A1

Distribution

Central & S. China to North Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Asplenium incisum

Thunb., 1794

A44A9B7D-5669-58F2-A43D-D2275471FEAD

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Asplenium pekinense

Hance, 1867

23A0F01E-1ACD-506C-8426-2919DE9B5D71

Distribution

Pakistan to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Asplenium ruprechtii

Sa.Kurata, 1961

A5C827DA-576A-50FF-9FAD-F32334915071

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and China

Asplenium tenuicaule

Hayata, 1914

26990ED1-218C-5EC6-BFF5-AE2D6C32AFB3

Distribution

Pakistan to South Russian Far East and Philippines

Asplenium trichomanes quadrivalens

D.E.Mey., 1962

CE07F8F9-BF33-57C6-AE51-698EEB2BF915

Distribution

North America, Temperate & Subtropical Old World to NorthEast & East Tropical Africa

Parathelypteris japonica

(Baker) Ching, 1963

A60125A6-B57A-5A26-B68D-B671C4A50172

Distribution

South China to Temperate East Asia

Phegopteris connectilis

(Michx.) D.Watt, 1867

9E2F7620-C7FA-5673-9CDC-853FBF3DECBB

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Thelypteris palustris

(A.Gray) Schott, 1834

4C2BB448-56C5-5B99-B880-000CD5F88F4A

Distribution

Central Canada to Mexico, Bermuda, Cuba, Temperate Eurasia, Morocco

Woodsia macrochlaena

Mett. ex Kuhn, 1868

71A3B3A3-D060-51C9-AA3D-14BAD9B060B8

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Japan and North China

Woodsia manchuriensis

Hook., 1861

9D4CD52E-C71C-593F-ABD2-08999BBB2C72

Distribution

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Woodsia microsora

Kodama, 1917

81384239-D5E8-5686-92A2-C5C4C7A6C7DB

Distribution

North Korea

Woodsia polystichoides

D.C.Eaton, 1858

D790AC0B-0586-50C7-B385-46E5A2C68D88

Distribution

Mongolia to Japan and China

Woodsia subcordata

Turcz., 1832

739B6573-CFB5-5BEF-8BCB-26C92E1B00FD

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to North & Central Japan and North China

Onoclea interrupta

(Maxim.) Ching & P.C.Chiu, 1974

793CB55C-CB62-50E5-8DBB-3AF33BC3AA85

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and China

Pentarhizidium orientale

(Hook.) Hayata, 1927

BB7948BF-85BA-5B2A-844C-EB3489592BCE

Distribution

East Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Japan

Athyrium iseanum

Rosenst., 1913

61C7219C-2D81-5A10-AEDB-895E4EB4D79B

Distribution

China to Japan

Athyrium monomachii

(Kom.) Kom., 1931

CFFE7FDA-909C-5412-9025-DE6C5636AEE9

Distribution

Siberia to North & Central Japan and North China

Athyrium niponicum

(Mett.) Hance, 1872

5ED429E0-ECEC-583B-A55F-78F521F33DAA

Distribution

East Himalaya to Temperate East Asia and North Indo-China

Athyrium spinulosum

(Blume) Milde, 1870

8E478681-B2E4-54EE-B978-0A0B45E18F90

Distribution

Sulawesi to New Guinea

Athyrium yokoscense

(Franch. & Sav.) Christ, 1896

287BBA48-5394-5C40-A8CC-01336DA9BB09

Distribution

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Cornopteris crenulatoserrulatum

(Makino) Nakai, 1931

6D0FE8C1-CEF4-5C57-9CBE-8B935EFAFD27

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & Central Japan and North & East China

Deparia conilii

(Franch. & Sav.) M.Kato, 1977

7B45704C-D130-5093-AFD2-01E525088514

Distribution

East China to Japan

Deparia coreana

(Christ) M.Kato, 1984

13FE7416-2421-583A-BF82-F57F5ED9477C

Distribution

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Deparia japonica

(Thunb.) M.Kato, 1977

14DC1953-F84A-57C3-A0CD-D2527618A61E

Distribution

Pakistan to South Kuril Islands and Lesser Sunda Islands

Deparia pycnosora

(Christ) M.Kato, 1977

BCECC432-AA96-58CD-9CAD-88AAE1D55603

Distribution

Russian Far East to Japan and North China

Diplazium sibiricum

(Turcz. ex Kunze) Sa.Kurata, 1961

9545438F-456D-567F-8996-DBAE8551F217

Distribution

North & NorthEast Europe to North & Central Japan

Arachniodes borealis

Seriz., 1986

4D900BDD-4A26-5C58-99C1-CFBDD9275938

Distribution

East Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Japan

Arachniodes standishii

(T.Moore) Ohwi, 1962

6F060373-0653-56B1-8F02-48C4DCFDF4AF

Distribution

Korea (Jeju-do), Japan

Cyrtomium fortunei

J.Sm., 1866

52F5EF94-ED6C-5CFD-9893-A7961D0BD691

Distribution

East Himalaya to Korea and Indo-China, Japan, Taiwan

Dryopteris bissetiana

(Baker) C.Chr., 1905

8C654749-B236-50F6-B3CC-370EE9B4A019

Distribution

China, South Korea, Japan

Dryopteris chinensis

(Baker) Koidz., 1930

A65BBE11-9CDB-5174-94F3-7A9BCDAB086D

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Japan

Dryopteris crassirhizoma

Nakai, 1920

3C1F25CD-7BB5-515D-A604-3A207DE13F6C

Distribution

Central East & Central North China to Russian Far East and Japan

Dryopteris erythrosora

(D.C.Eaton) Kuntze, 1891

321FBE7D-E69C-500D-998E-A4BCE0D11BB1

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Dryopteris expansa

(C.Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy, 1977

02FF5D9D-1CA1-5ED2-B58A-460B1FCA0402

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Dryopteris fragrans

(L.) Schott, 1834

FD1A3DEB-7780-5FAD-8E65-27D21C5FD597

Distribution

North Finland to Russian Far East and Korea, North & Central Japan, Subarctic America to North U.S.A.

Dryopteris gymnophylla

(Baker) C.Chr., 1905

1B9B0348-1139-5E99-9238-55AFE4CD4366

Distribution

China to Japan and North Thailand

Dryopteris lacera

(Thunb.) Kuntze, 1891

269FE0FF-37E1-5184-957A-0D28BFAC8547

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Dryopteris sacrosancta

Koidz., 1924

FA666C8D-F93C-5D38-BBEB-37AAB168B298

Distribution

Central & South Japan

Dryopteris saxifraga

H.Itô, 1936

B703D20D-C4BA-5001-99E4-986E69773324

Distribution

China (Jilin, Liaoning), South Korea, Japan

Dryopteris uniformis

(Makino) Makino, 1909

93BE2227-3522-58E8-8B0F-4EB7214A5BEE

Distribution

SouthEast China, South Korea, Japan

Polystichum braunii

(Spenn.) Fée, 1852

5CC7E9B2-8BA0-530E-AFB6-A7E46056D565

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Polystichum craspedosorum

(Maxim.) Diels, 1899

8CCFC80A-0CCF-5FE2-81AD-8E14F8E9367B

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Japan and China

Polystichum ovato-paleaceum var. coraiense

(Christ) Sa.Kurata, 1964

831A0B5D-9512-50C4-B08A-AB88A1A953D7

Distribution

Central Korea, North & Central Japan

Polystichum polyblepharum

Nakai, 1925

89FFDE68-EF84-5344-8BBA-564D88AAFEE3

Distribution

Zimbabwe to South Africa, West Indian Ocean, Himalaya to Japan and Vietnam

Polystichum tripteron

(Kunze) C.Presl, 1851

ADF71ADB-BD3E-51F5-95A1-DDC277490E0A

Distribution

China to South Russian Far East and Japan

Davallia mariesii

H.J.Veitch, 1880

1AE4219A-FF77-5FD3-8094-3CE1D89F59C7

Distribution

North & East China to Temperate East Asia

Lemmaphyllum microphyllum

C.Presl, 1851

7F8C5947-ACA0-5C29-8CE1-4A0FAE6B71EF

Distribution

Arunachal Pradesh to Temperate East Asia

Lepisorus onoei

(Franch. & Sav.) Ching, 1933

F4077317-8523-5EF7-8FAF-684FCFAB7648

Distribution

South Korea, Japan to North Nansei-shoto

Lepisorus thunbergianus

(Kaulf.) Ching, 1933

6B083EB2-F53B-5262-A01C-66B742BCD62A

Distribution

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia, Philippines (North Luzon), Hawaiian Islands

Lepisorus ussuriensis

(Regel & Maack) Ching, 1933

3956B48D-B693-5AE6-90D3-136FA8ADDA4E

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, Japan

Pleurosoriopsis makinoi

(Maxim. ex Makino) Fomin, 1939

46A7548A-5B15-559C-B1FA-89B7D08E6071

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Japan

Polypodium sibiricum

Sipliv., 1974

261DDD4C-5AEF-5EF1-9C90-9EA25E05DAC3

Distribution

Siberia to North & Central Japan and North China, Subarctic America to West & Central Canada

Pyrrosia linearifolia

(Hook.) Ching, 1935

C8A9E560-FD29-5DAB-94D0-25C0832E4A93

Distribution

China (Jilin) to Temperate East Asia

Pyrrosia petiolosa

(Christ) Ching, 1935

874DD141-65AF-5C7B-8DC2-A38BA4D96554

Distribution

Mongolia to Korea and China

Ginkgo biloba

L., 1771

B9E06624-AED3-5AD4-A603-713B16BFB4BF

Distribution

China (Zhejiang)

Abies holophylla

Maxim., 1866

9A88B1FD-8C1F-5948-8168-87DE7213389E

Distribution

Primorye to Korea

Abies nephrolepis

(Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim., 1866

894DD425-4555-5206-BFC7-5F6355353D0F

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Larix kaempferi

(Lamb.) Carrière, 1856

57423B95-5514-5872-ACFF-D434B1C6160D

Distribution

Central Japan

Picea abies

(L.) H.Karst., 1881

E448445C-BB39-5BFC-959F-1F94D4A0413B

Distribution

Europe

Picea jezoensis

(Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, 1855

F673C7DD-C0F8-54BA-9CC2-2ECAB31DB479

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, North & Central Japan

Pinus densiflora

Siebold & Zucc., 1842

A7B419E5-FBEC-58FD-810C-3FAF71675C23

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea and Central & South Japan

Pinus koraiensis

Siebold & Zucc., 1842

B4152113-A6B4-55DA-B8C6-E8DA3204B6EF

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Pinus rigida

Mill., 1768

1E49D1F1-88CE-5A4E-9D9A-6CF738580362

Distribution

SouthEast Canada to East U.S.A.

Pinus thunbergii

Parl., 1868

970FBDFB-282A-586D-AC9D-418A7FDD44A4

Distribution

Korea, Central & South Japan

Juniperus rigida

Siebold & Zucc., 1846

9BF1F0E8-ACBD-525B-B60A-B38FD78EC935

Distribution

NorthEast China, Korea, Japan

Thuja koraiensis

Nakai, 1919

7F3A392B-8144-5AAF-BB43-A7C806ED6E36

Distribution

China (Jilin) to Korea

Cephalotaxus harringtonia

(Knight ex J.Forbes) K.Koch, 1873

3282C306-2FC3-5E25-9C70-E2BF8DDCE967

Distribution

China to Korea, Central & S. Japan, Taiwan

Taxus cuspidata

Siebold & Zucc., 1846

5F5663F6-6D46-5D0F-A68C-693643C6ABB1

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Juglans mandshurica

Maxim., 1856

FAD3F927-C746-55E7-ACFD-74EB417E336B

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Platycarya strobilacea

Siebold & Zucc., 1843

1C8D96DF-205D-5A27-9ABA-D61F44950383

Distribution

Central & South China to Vietnam, Korea, Central & S. Japan

Populus tremula var. davidiana

(Dode) C.K.Schneid., 1916

859C1ED1-F101-574B-8079-BEF08B1C72F6

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Algeria

Populus tomentiglandulosa

T.B.Lee, 1955

AD480970-1B0C-5CEF-9423-664E719E39C3

Distribution

Korea (artificial hybrid)

Salix caprea

L., 1753

10947084-5185-5846-8F3B-83FFBE48066A

Distribution

Europe to North Asia, North China to Japan

Salix gracilistyla

Miq., 1867

50B9B419-6837-53E8-BCCF-B87EBF021A05

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Korea, Japan

Salix koriyanagi

Kimura ex Goerz, 1931

C47CC68E-6049-5EE4-8F92-5D85C187E063

Distribution

Korea

Salix pierotii

Miq., 1867

8A34EF35-6B73-53E7-8314-7BC7F3790516

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Salix rorida

Laksch., 1911

E0149A74-9FA4-5F86-9A7F-71A200FE3BAF

Distribution

Central Asia to Russian Far East and Japan

Salix xerophila

Flod., 1930

1B2F247E-DA48-5B22-9A99-5B4DC16492DE

Distribution

Subarctic to U.S.A.

Alnus incana hirsuta

(Spach) Á.Löve & D.Löve, 1976

DE765E6D-944D-5953-B134-AD9AB734E134

Distribution

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Alnus japonica

(Thunb.) Steud., 1840

9EF20323-1EF2-5F49-BBD2-3040EBA201B4

Distribution

South Russian Far East to East China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan

Betula chinensis

Maxim., 1879

78B3D402-52AC-55B1-BA48-8DADBA05E1C6

Distribution

North & East China to Korea

Betula costata

Trautv., 1859

8E40ADA0-257B-59AE-ACBC-0344DEE5EFEB

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Betula davurica

Pall., 1784

889CF90A-4228-5CA9-9538-3DC8CF3C250D

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to North & Central Japan

Betula ermanii

Cham., 1831

F130CCF5-7A2E-5A1E-B8EF-98A628E2FBB0

Distribution

Siberia to Japan

Betula pendula

Roth, 1788

5EEB1FA3-B7D8-59DF-9590-CEB1CF69E63D

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, NorthWest Africa, Alaska to Canada

Betula schmidtii

Regel, 1865

B83F5DD6-6D33-56AD-8D37-B12D01215E8A

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan (North & Central Honshu)

Carpinus cordata

Blume, 1851

89FFC28F-12AE-519E-A174-6196C128B8D2

Distribution

SouthWest Primorye, China, Korea, Japan

Carpinus laxiflora

(Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, 1851

4020BA0D-B2D2-58CC-A6F7-69E02B0325A0

Distribution

Japan, Korea

Carpinus tschonoskii

Maxim., 1882

EAAAFF4E-1227-591D-9959-D08BFC189F19

Distribution

South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan

Carpinus turczaninovii

Hance, 1869

53B60F74-B257-5468-920D-75DC4C0B7E61

Distribution

China, Korea, South Central & South Japan

Corylus heterophylla

Fisch. ex Trautv., 1844

1BE6B847-25C6-5F0A-8173-4ACF7EF2207D

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to China and Japan

Corylus sieboldiana

Blume, 1851

0D4F6577-F69C-5469-8717-AC81485A0EBE

Distribution

South Siberia to North China and Japan

Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica

(Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., 1916

6DE33CC8-D3FA-5E76-AC75-B0DD4F11310B

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to North China and North & Central Japan

Castanea crenata

Siebold & Zucc., 1846

D743BDEF-0DEF-5226-80E7-0DBE82A0BB93

Distribution

Korea, Japan

Quercus acutissima

Carruth., 1861

32DC8436-EDD4-53BF-856E-CA6E9F576437

Distribution

Himalaya to China and Indo-China, Korea, Central & S. Japan

Quercus aliena

Blume, 1851

AEEA98B6-9A96-59FE-91AF-1170F98FBE76

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Indo-China, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Quercus dentata

Thunb., 1784

99A84C40-E022-5647-9127-F36007807769

Distribution

Mongolia to South Russian Far East and China, Temperate East Asia

Quercus mongolica

Fisch. ex Ledeb., 1850

9A5CE6D5-3E84-597E-A0B6-23615692AF41

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and North China

Quercus serrata

Murray, 1784

8CDB0EA6-3D52-5243-81D0-01576D9D9B27

Distribution

East Himalaya to China, Taiwan, Korea (including Chenju Do), Japan

Quercus variabilis

Blume, 1851

16EB64D5-DB6C-5189-92DA-0B8B900C9E62

Distribution

Central & South Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Central, East & South China, Tibet, Vietnam

Eucommia ulmoides

Oliv., 1890

6E7BB570-5C6E-50D1-80EC-90CC27113CBC

Distribution

Central & S. China

Celtis aurantiaca

Nakai, 1930

ED10F4A4-4EC4-5C04-A61B-1FA023481475

Distribution

East China to Korea

Celtis biondii

Pamp., 1910

AEF0087B-726D-514C-90B2-3B2E63D54C0B

Distribution

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Celtis bungeana

Blume, 1856

666A03F5-5589-5862-A722-FA49B6932680

Distribution

China to Korea

Celtis choseniana

Nakai, 1930

CDAF4173-1872-5E49-9FD1-CF7F9191FA73

Distribution

Korea, Japan

Celtis jessoensis

Koidz., 1913

1634659A-8EE3-5F29-A679-80AAB3753224

Distribution

Korea, Japan

Celtis koraiensis

Nakai, 1909

DAA01185-9891-56BF-ABF6-323C9D6D09F5

Distribution

East China to Korea

Celtis sinensis

Pers., 1805

8976F263-F5A4-5027-9E04-C1394C3139AB

Distribution

Central & S. China to Indo-China and Temperate East Asia

Hemiptelea davidii

(Hance) Planch., 1872

4A2519B4-62C3-5437-B054-5C597D6B2852

Distribution

China to Korea

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica

(Rehder) Nakai, 1932

2CC65440-29D6-5ECA-AA22-27C6CD35B0E5

Distribution

South Siberia to North Myanmar and Japan

Ulmus laciniata

(Herder) Mayr ex Schwapp., 1895

F58F77B8-D66F-5A1C-B4EE-EEE09FCCB3F2

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Ulmus macrocarpa

Hance, 1868

19ABEF49-05AE-5656-9AC2-180BC5870B9D

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Korea and East Qingai

Ulmus parvifolia

Jacq., 1798

420AF4CB-9FF8-5993-A574-F759067AC484

Distribution

Central & South China to Vietnam, S. Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu) to Taiwan

Zelkova serrata

(Thunb.) Makino, 1903

08BCE2F2-0B26-586F-8DA7-752E5A645120

Distribution

China to South Kuril Islands and Temperate East Asia

Broussonetia hanjiana

M.Kim, 2009

C91CDE1E-B178-5906-A80D-5B5687C9778A

Distribution

Korea and Japan

Fatoua villosa

(Thunb.) Nakai, 1927

6A2FA4B4-5354-5448-B124-D6C73A31A1CA

Distribution

Central & South Japan to Jawa and North Australia

Ficus erecta

Thunb., 1786

DE84D747-B5AA-5162-994C-6967DB16E25C

Distribution

East Himalaya to South China and Vietnam, Temperate East Asia

Morus alba

L., 1753

4112C9A4-6DE3-54D5-896F-1CB780D6CD22

Distribution

Central China

Morus bombycis

Koidz., 1915

1A697E73-06C9-5F0B-9B0E-AC286B76409D

Distribution

Sakhalin and Indo-China

Morus mongolica

(Bureau) C.K.Schneid., 1916

E939B78A-7154-58A4-9C66-6CD9F4F9CA68

Distribution

Mongolia to China and Japan

Humulus scandens

(Lour.) Merr., 1935

DC84CBE6-FB65-51E5-B281-0F2F0A6C9F09

Distribution

Russian Far East to North Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Boehmeria japonica

(L.f.) Miq., 1867

373623D8-7BDF-58C2-A6DE-2EBF46F8A841

Distribution

China, Kuril Islands to Temperate East Asia

Boehmeria nivea

(L.) Gaudich., 1830

8C81BA2B-6732-59C8-99EC-BBB3328A8EED

Distribution

Indian Subcontinent to Temperate East Asia and Indo-China

Boehmeria paraspicata

Nakai, 1930

C0394AA2-1388-5F35-9422-ED088CB040B9

Distribution

Central & East China to Japan, North Taiwan

Boehmeria platanifolia

(Franch. & Sav.) C.H.Wright, 1899

62B9084B-2BA1-598F-997E-67AADAB67D0C

Distribution

China, South Korea, Japan

Boehmeria spicata

(Thunb.) Thunb., 1794

3D910D01-A4E4-5A00-8E6B-D37D2ACC0E4E

Distribution

Central & East China to Japan, North Taiwan

Boehmeria tricuspis

(Hance) Makino, 1912

407A371D-C3F1-5D02-A7E1-C5E984A57FAF

Distribution

Central & South China, Kuril Islands to Temperate East Asia

Laportea cuspidata

(Wedd.) Friis, 1981

F8921034-63C3-5481-B727-2714D08F9868

Distribution

SouthEast Tibet to Central & South China and Myanmar, South Korea, Japan

Nanocnide japonica

Blume, 1856

0056AF2F-24C3-5E18-9337-50213695D237

Distribution

Central & South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Pilea japonica

(Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz., 1929

A0DA2455-C052-5151-BCE5-8785878F7B40

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Pilea peploides

(Gaudich.) Hook. & Arn., 1832

4DE20D1E-8CBD-5F56-9985-CDFB0BF2F036

Distribution

South Russian Far East and Malesia, Hawaiian Islands, Galápagos

Pilea pumila

(L.) A.Gray, 1848

90BC0179-21FE-5EF1-A331-6D2574984448

Distribution

East Canada to Central & East U.S.A.

Urtica angustifolia

Fisch. ex Hornem., 1819

E4B72538-FD67-5A3C-A4F1-23AFBC3827F3

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Urtica laetevirens

Maxim., 1876

57701B0B-D051-5039-BF7E-50FBC5937FC7

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & Central China, South Korea, Japan

Urtica thunbergiana

Siebold & Zucc., 1846

62BB6235-2B90-56E5-8392-C8E673E8F017

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & Central China, South Korea, Japan

Thesium chinense

Turcz., 1837

571E8E75-258E-5C43-B25D-CA6286348DF0

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to China and Temperate East Asia

Viscum album var. lutescens

(Makino) Kitag., 1979

BB81D9AC-EC9B-5B8B-BF7E-6DDB51142D8A

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Aconogonon alpinum

(All.) Schur, 1853

96E35263-614A-598B-AF51-897287F3985C

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Fagopyrum esculentum

Moench, 1794

458020DE-AFB2-5EF8-AFB1-4B1FD5864256

Distribution

East Tibet to China (Sichuan, Yunnan)

Fallopia dentatoalata

(F.Schmidt) Holub, 1971

A0B8FEBF-806D-58DD-99A7-E0D2E5D531D7

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & Central Japan and West Himalaya

Fallopia dumetorum

(L.) Holub, 1971

A9B96775-F65A-5962-8DE9-D1D8CE3BC8A9

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Persicaria filiformis

(Thunb.) Nakai, 1914

49BE215D-4EC4-5A4A-BA26-D3CBB82D9F72

Distribution

NortheEast Pakistan to Kuril Islands and Philippines

Persicaria hydropiper

(L.) Delarbre, 1800

5C473C30-33D8-57FA-B4AB-CF20B6827DD0

Distribution

NorthWest Africa, Temperate Eurasia to West & Central Malesia, Australia

Persicaria lapathifolia

(L.) Delarbre, 1800

96C67CF2-9869-532C-9ABB-DBA8D672C4CF

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere to West & Central Malesia, North Africa to Ethiopia

Persicaria longiseta

(Bruijn) Kitag., 1937

524033EE-134B-5BEC-A8EA-206C0D5AC56E

Distribution

Pakistan to Russian Far East and Philippines

Persicaria nepalensis

(Meisn.) H.Gross, 1913

0B6F1DCC-1B0A-5EFC-9F8B-4546976DB061

Distribution

Eritrea to KwaZulu-Natal, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Russian Far East

Persicaria perfoliata

(L.) H.Gross, 1919

667F2DC9-A1EF-5710-8F32-C8FF224BBA9C

Distribution

NorthEast Türkiye to Russian Far East and New Guinea

Persicaria posumbu

(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross, 1913

06402B58-6572-5D86-A239-5B3CBAC51E0C

Distribution

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Philippines

Persicaria sagittata

(L.) H.Gross, 1919

32D38D16-CD14-5BF8-AB00-F3ECCC033CE4

Distribution

Siberia to Himalaya and Temperate East Asia, Central & East Canada to Central & East U.S.A., Hispaniola

Persicaria senticosa

(Meisn.) H.Gross, 1919

A88CEAA7-B154-5086-8B46-756474D0D386

Distribution

China to Vietnam, Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Persicaria thunbergii

(Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross, 1913

37BDF435-CC25-5957-A421-D2A1E5DC3EE1

Distribution

Northeast. Türkiye to West Caucasus, Himalaya to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Polygonum aviculare

L., 1753

47D3A0BD-2758-55D5-A374-4943F931F1A0

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere, Macaronesia to Eritrea

Reynoutria ciliinervis

(Nakai) Moldenke, 1941

35EF3BB6-1653-5350-AC70-FBD7CF094654

Distribution

China to Korea

Reynoutria japonica

Houtt., 1777

BB6B8A4E-7748-5D72-AD9B-28E52BF9216E

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023)

Rumex acetosa

L., 1753

96E8493B-F7FB-5E17-B60F-136DCDD5C63E

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, NorthWest Africa The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023)

Rumex acetosella

L., 1753

2ACB8EA8-1AA7-5138-9C49-06FDC496D446

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Rumex crispus

L., 1753

D0010EF9-2F33-5CFA-8F91-F4A4AFFB37A1

Distribution

Macaronesia, North Africa, Temperate Eurasia

Rumex japonicus

Houtt., 1777

434D9A56-340F-58E6-9EB9-9D89462C479B

Distribution

Russian Far East to Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Rumex obtusifolius

L., 1753

22AC08D7-4929-5131-8571-08CA32815AB3

Distribution

Europe to Central Siberia and Iran, NorthWest Africa

Phytolacca americana

L., 1753

3C0906E2-97B7-5A73-B1F1-E94A40535417

Distribution

East Canada to Mexico

Mollugo pentaphylla

L., 1753

F4BF879C-7158-5532-9431-8876DFB83DD2

Distribution

India, Sri Lanka, Korea

Portulaca oleracea

L., 1753

9382F1C9-4B1D-5E31-8EE5-5622F9A98AD5

Distribution

Macaronesia, Tropical Africa, Mediterranean to Pakistan and Arabian Peninsula

Arenaria serpyllifolia

L., 1753

89DF1263-A4F4-5298-8FEB-D4DC4004A757

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia to Philippines (Luzon), North Africa to Ethiopia

Cerastium glomeratum

Thuill., 1799

F2FD0932-3CC1-58C5-BCBA-FBFF3961BED3

Distribution

Europe, Macaronesia to Assam

Cerastium holosteoides vulgare

(Hartm.) Buttler, 1997

7ABAFF6F-CBE7-5815-9AD1-80FF3FE6C3FB

Distribution

Temperate & Subarctic Eurasia to New Guinea (Mt. Kaindi)

Dianthus chinensis

L., 1753

C20ACFB3-8873-5257-B93E-60F3A98AAD33

Distribution

East Europe to Temperate Asia and North India

Lychnis cognata

Maxim., 1859

CBEFEA43-0BEE-5C6F-A9A7-C67F715AF33A

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea

Pseudostellaria coreana

(Nakai) Ohwi, 1935

2AA80113-E4A2-5E66-8C07-DD2FC6C8462C

Distribution

Korea, Japan (Honshu)

Pseudostellaria heterophylla

(Miq.) Pax, 1934

189E8EC2-FE38-568A-86E2-40382BA9CF35

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Pseudostellaria palibiniana

(Takeda) Ohwi, 1935

6F9B322F-3BBC-562E-9529-9588CB84B6D1

Distribution

Korea, Japan (Honshu)

Sagina japonica

(Sw.) Ohwi, 1937

4ADC88DB-4702-5EBD-8886-1D79599ADE26

Distribution

Indian Subcontinent to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Silene baccifera

(L.) Durande, 1782

90730BAE-E01A-5D3B-BDCB-E13968E58536

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Silene firma

Siebold & Zucc., 1845

4732CA07-F848-56C1-8480-147635B56684

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to China and Temperate East Asia

Silene seoulensis

Nakai, 1909

6CBB9EE0-1715-5B4F-A973-6F23719213E7

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea, Japan (Shikoku)

Stellaria alsine

Grimm, 1767

62E52EEB-532E-593F-BB71-094C18688638

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to West Malaysia

Stellaria aquatica

(L.) Scop., 1771

46268EAA-487E-539C-9C83-C36CE2BD6CD9

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Stellaria media

(L.) Vill., 1789

19A8804B-9060-5CC0-ACB8-61D825920117

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, North & Northeast Tropical Africa

Chenopodium album

L., 1753

EB21D658-09E4-5735-87F5-5DB8A27F1DB4

Distribution

Temperate to Indian Subcontinent

Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum

Makino, 1910

454EA371-94AD-577C-A0F3-C9A59332E8BA

Distribution

Temperate to Indian Subcontinent

Chenopodium bryoniifolium

Bunge, 1876

840E8D39-69B4-52BF-B26E-F8AADE61FBD6

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to North & Central Japan

Chenopodium ficifolium

Sm., 1800

3CEE6F62-2A61-51C8-B5E0-4532AFA734D7

Distribution

Europe to Korea and North Indo-China

Achyranthes bidentata var. japonica

Miq., 1865

91A73259-E2C2-5655-A21D-3935896F92F2

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Northwest Pacific

Amaranthus blitum oleraceus

(L.) Costea, (2001)

7D8D2CD1-31FF-559D-B60D-82D85020F1E5

Distribution

Paraguay to South Brazil and NorthEast Argentina

Amaranthus patulus

Bertol., 1837

474F32C5-B8E9-5E88-81B2-258BD95BCF53

Distribution

South Ontario to West South America

Amaranthus retroflexus

L., 1753

6C44A0B8-764F-56E3-80FB-C60E064C321F

Distribution

Mexico

Magnolia sieboldii

K.Koch, 1853

420DAB59-7AAF-5E94-9B7E-5F694F9CE98A

Distribution

Central China to Japan

Kadsura japonica

(L.) Dunal, 1817

008F761E-D7D1-5DDF-B2C9-0C2508802011

Distribution

South Korea, South Japan to Taiwan

Schisandra chinensis

(Turcz.) Baill., 1868

D25D7AA3-BBF7-5385-91F7-C896A07008ED

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Central Japan

Illicium anisatum

L., 1759

A5D29A9D-EB3D-527B-B552-563E49FBD0C1

Distribution

South Korea, Japan to Taiwan

Actinodaphne lancifolia

(Blume) Meisn., 1864

FCDF0505-3CDF-551C-BD15-E2B7FDA314CB

Distribution

South Korea, South Central & South Japan to Central Taiwan

Lindera erythrocarpa

Makino, 1897

F348C790-BA18-5A84-AA5C-14EB67B25758

Distribution

Central & South China to Korea, South Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Lindera glauca

(Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, 1851

42DF0EAB-6E49-5488-973A-9C9460E62073

Distribution

Central & South China to Indo-China and Korea, South Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Lindera obtusiloba

Blume, 1851

E69F8084-4533-5E51-96ED-46009BF85CE4

Distribution

Bhutan to China and Myanmar, Korea, South Central & S. Japan

Machilus japonica

Siebold & Zucc, 1846

E31251B3-54B3-5549-AF35-158295D1FDA1

Distribution

South Korea, South Central Japan to Taiwan

Neolitsea aciculata

(Blume) Koidz., 1918

91FDAB17-8ECC-5F8F-BA28-0BA87E813805

Distribution

South Korea, South Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Neolitsea sericea

(Blume) Koidz., 1926

FC3407E6-8E1D-5B9C-84A6-41FB084D8FC0

Distribution

China (Zhejiang), South Korea, Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Aconitum alboviolaceum

Kom., 1901

8C1CB3D8-EF0D-56DB-8EBB-05745C822CCC

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & Central Korea

Aconitum austrokoreense

Koidz., 1934

02EC9299-8666-5830-A692-6E21D950B6AD

Distribution

North Korea

Aconitum barbatum

Patrin ex Pers., 1806

1AFE672E-EBB2-5B93-B15D-7CE08550C402

Distribution

Siberia to Korea

Aconitum coreanum

(H.Lév.) Rapaics, 1907

1934F538-AF1B-5FF1-9345-0281293BBD05

Distribution

Mongolia to South Russian Far East and North & Central Korea

Aconitum jaluense

Kom., 1901

A3EB42D0-725A-5F2C-A22F-D65A2FAB0B37

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & Central Korea, Central & South Japan

Aconitum longecassidatum

Nakai, 1909

7E813D40-6017-5E84-8184-74D0037AF152

Distribution

East China to Korea

Aconitum pseudolaeve

Nakai, 1935

B989F66E-EAAA-5262-9E71-7F073CDF8575

Distribution

Korea

Actaea asiatica

H.Hara, 1939

7D435E14-3D5E-5AC8-92A0-C8681A5282FC

Distribution

Tibet to Russian Far East and Japan

Actaea bifida

(Nakai) J.Compton, 1998

7A7513AD-9B8F-5913-B6E6-DBD5361BEF20

Distribution

Korea

Actaea cimicifuga

L., 1753

CA93F7C9-06E9-588F-A0E1-0E5AC7A8FDFD

Distribution

Siberia to Korea

Actaea dahurica

(Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Franch., 1883

861AB384-0340-587B-8823-B2428C6627E0

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Korea

Anemone reflexa

Steph. ex Willd., 1799

0CFF0240-42C4-5B29-91CB-84C96033C17C

Distribution

East European Russia to Korea

Caltha palustris

L., 1753

FCEE96C6-8C43-5775-9D9B-774FCED0BAF2

Distribution

Temperate & Subarctic Northern Hemisphere

Clematis apiifolia

DC., 1817

1ABB5BBA-E284-5B8C-83ED-8FD16AB38B34

Distribution

Central & Southeast China, Korea, Central & South Japan

Clematis brachyura

Maxim., 1876

EC542BED-D0DF-5EB4-9BE4-ABBA5BD56756

Distribution

Korea

Clematis brevicaudata

DC., 1817

D74F06E3-BDA7-5BD7-ADB8-044413C6AE3B

Distribution

Mongolia to North Vietnam and East Korea, Japan

Clematis fusca

Turcz., 1840

A4508250-5370-5161-83D0-60A299A242E2

Distribution

East Siberia to Russian Far East and North & North Central Japan

Clematis fusca var. violacea

Maxim., 1859

29B0B8C6-C0D8-5F7D-AB51-67BFAB405D8B

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Central Japan

Clematis patens

C.Morren & Decne., 1836

6394A031-08B0-507A-A3F1-3F673550F957

Distribution

East China to Central & South Japan

Clematis serratifolia

Rehder, 1911

72DCF93B-7333-5349-B03E-324E3D570D4B

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Clematis terniflora

DC., 1817

2729616A-3E1A-5542-8AA3-0B15CA32F158

Distribution

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Clematis terniflora var. mandshurica

(Rupr.) Ohwi, 1938

61E08BB5-90C8-5A8F-A90E-2FEB70F59805

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Clematis trichotoma

Nakai, 1912

4B311B87-CF51-54D8-ABF4-191BF61C1EAA

Distribution

Korea

Clematis urticifolia

Nakai ex Kitag., 1937

F7436D96-8CC8-5677-BA4D-5F68D579E63C

Distribution

China to Korea

Enemion raddeanum

Regel, 1861

1569BF22-6BB1-5836-AA7D-C24CC4110537

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & Central Korea, Central Japan

Eranthis stellata

Maxim., 1859

D441EE30-D051-5DE3-8AC4-D28F084B8A23

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Hepatica asiatica

Nakai, 1937

09AD2E71-9CDD-5E6A-ACAC-52111D15C388

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Pulsatilla koreana

(Y.Yabe ex Nakai) Nakai ex T.Mori, 1922

C3D97DEB-C4A9-53D7-B316-0C74802425A3

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Ranunculus chinensis

Bunge, 1833

41B0C006-DC69-54C1-8739-AB88E3DB8466

Distribution

Siberia to Temperate East Asia and Peninsula Malaysia

Ranunculus japonicus

Thunb., 1794

E4359905-CAA0-5EED-B5C0-8CDEAFA6B67F

Distribution

Siberia to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Ranunculus sceleratus

L., 1753

AA199F5D-F4AA-560A-9663-6E2A8D53CDE2

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, North Africa, Ethiopia to Rwanda, Central & East Canada to Central & East U.S.A.

Ranunculus tachiroei

Franch. & Sav., 1878

9EC515B6-F1A2-5886-BAB9-8530AD0FE69B

Distribution

East China, Korea & Japan

Semiaquilegia adoxoides

(DC.) Makino, 1902

A1111CDF-D751-515B-886A-1886A46E9C29

Distribution

China to West Central & S. Japan

Thalictrum actaeifolium var. brevistylum

Nakai, 1937

6414154C-F4CD-54A6-A8EE-8E680C3122E8

Distribution

South Korea

Thalictrum aquilegiifolium var. sibiricum

Regel & Tiling, 1858

175E11DC-6A36-5252-B172-323FC12B27BD

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & Central China, South Korea, Japan

Thalictrum ichangense

Lecoy. ex Oliv., 1888

CC654270-F373-5C66-851D-A6E51241193F

Distribution

Central & S. China to Vietnam and Korea

Thalictrum kemense

Fr., 1817

37D71057-6C8B-518C-A4C7-20F390E9BDE5

Distribution

Subarctic to the Caucasus, North & North Central Japan

Thalictrum minus var. hypoleucum

(Siebold & Zucc.) Miq., 1867

ED040897-4AA6-5B73-BFE5-612103C550F0

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, North West Africa

Thalictrum tuberiferum

Maxim., 1876

AED13ACC-40B3-5BB5-BDB6-C8F7ABBD0246

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan, Temperate Asia & Europe

Berberis amurensis

Rupr., 1857

5A5C102D-EBAF-54FE-8312-C63752851D10

Distribution

Mongolia to North China and Japan

Berberis koreana

Palib., 1899

27C23B33-38C1-5C83-B1F0-9EFDC869252F

Distribution

Korea

Akebia quinata

(Houtt.) Decne., 1839

0B431D53-BC35-53FC-BCF0-B7CCEED1A860

Distribution

Central & East China to Japan

Stauntonia hexaphylla

(Thunb.) Decne., 1839

DAF9CFC0-0C83-586B-9F09-997ADF544CAB

Distribution

South Korea, Central & South Japan

Cocculus orbiculatus

(L.) DC., 1817

EB6EE2DC-AD31-58A6-8EB3-D2C6C0FF14FD

Distribution

Himalaya to Japan (Kerama Islands) and Central Pacific

Menispermum dauricum

DC., 1817

F3800CA7-7243-5C6D-9D10-86A9727181B6

Distribution

South Siberia to China and Japan

Chloranthus japonicus

Siebold, 1828

63A94A38-5642-55BE-98DC-C669FE4D7982

Distribution

South China to Vietnam, South Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Aristolochia contorta

Bunge, 1833

8A635670-A30D-5E09-84D8-CC7304A2C9CC

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Vietnam and Japan

Aristolochia manshuriensis

Kom., 1904

928F8376-7547-566C-B389-DAC10BF4C40F

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea

Asarum chungbuensis

(C.S.Yook & J.G.Kim) B.U.Oh, 2005

73CFD6C2-7C29-5F32-90DB-A2689B411DE8

Distribution

Korea

Asarum maculatum

Nakai, 1914

A411F739-9067-591A-ABC1-939C643C5F29

Distribution

Korea

Asarum mandshuricum

(Maxim.) M.Kim & S.So, 2008

71A3C604-EB80-5C4E-BE99-F3BDAA543022

Distribution

East China to South Russian Far East and North Central Japan

Asarum mandshuricum var. seoulense

(Nakai) M.Kim & S.So, 2017

8FE19740-1513-5142-92FF-25BE5575BCC0

Distribution

East China to South Russian Far East and North Central Japan

Asarum misandrum

B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim, 1997

9C91612D-688D-50A0-A67D-93FA798A31EF

Distribution

Korea

Asarum sieboldii

Miq., 1865

9255E3FB-1F03-5FDB-AAE3-0C11F7F4384B

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Paeonia japonica

(Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, 1910

AB0B7AF9-80E3-511C-BBE5-7A8E5F6C9335

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Paeonia lactiflora

Pall., 1776

CAAC7254-D7DF-52D4-B3A3-0FBA71A2ABB7

Distribution

SouthEast. Siberia to North & East China

Paeonia obovata

Maxim., 1859

878D22B1-ACD0-59DC-B283-67863A2765FB

Distribution

China to Russian Far East and Japan

Actinidia arguta

(Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq., 1867

9E265193-B62C-5C2C-B842-3876798F6286

Distribution

Russian Far East to China, Temperate East Asia

Actinidia kolomikta

(Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim., 1859

166DDB3B-839C-5A60-A50D-5BF0108C0EDF

Distribution

Russian Far East to Central China, North & Central Japan

Actinidia polygama

(Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Maxim., 1859

F6501FC9-E1EE-53BE-BC56-300ABBC3D1AF

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China, Korea, Japan

Camellia japonica

L., 1753

58E8E586-6E1E-58FC-8767-8C3EF625EE9A

Distribution

China, Korea, Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Eurya japonica

Thunb., 1783

8D4EC025-F4FF-5092-8419-B91B269BAA17

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Stewartia koreana

Nakai ex Rehder, 1926

1375F4C7-0C78-5063-9354-2633BF68EC70

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Hypericum ascyron

L., 1753

58DC4B61-EB94-5159-96BE-BDADE713EC8F

Distribution

Temperate Asia, East Canada to North Central & East U.S.A.

Hypericum erectum

Thunb., 1784

3266F4D9-2336-58FD-9873-425E27355A8B

Distribution

South China, South Sakhalin to Temperate East Asia

Chelidonium majus asiaticum

H.Hara, 1949

A5B549AE-CC7E-5A91-8F2F-18A1993ED6E7

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Corydalis alata

B.U.Oh & W.R.Lee, 2010

7EB7640D-1EFC-5A79-AC07-5995F4A5B4CA

Distribution

NorthEast. China, Central Korea

Corydalis incisa

(Thunb.) Pers., 1806

1DB2DEB0-A5BF-54E5-B87E-64096D3576EA

Distribution

Central & East China to Temperate East Asia

Corydalis maculata

B.U.Oh & Y.S.Kim, 1987

E7B2CFDC-4925-5A4D-BC0F-EF967109BF6F

Distribution

Korea

Corydalis namdoensis

B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim, 2004

E904993D-B161-53AF-AEEF-51B9E3EA76CE

Distribution

NorthEast. China, South Korea

Corydalis ochotensis

Turcz., 1840

AA7C472A-4BBB-5055-B28E-39FFA37D667A

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China

Corydalis pauciovulata

Ohwi, 1942

01FEF5C9-86A1-5D8A-8F81-D2CE9B9767A5

Distribution

Central & South Korea, Central Japan

Corydalis raddeana

Regel, 1862

120EF416-D4DB-5AEA-A413-52DEEB28F17C

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China and Temperate East Asia

Corydalis remota

Fisch. ex Maxim., 1859

1ACCF6A8-C83D-5877-A4D7-B55E66995B31

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to North China

Corydalis speciosa

Maxim., 1859

13F9CCEC-BDE6-5D8C-8923-3D710A572AF7

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Korea, North & North Central Japan

Corydalis turtschaninovii

Besser, 1834

30C8E56D-E471-5D6F-A983-FE5154D4ED9E

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to North China

Dicentra spectabilis

(L.) Lem., 1847

D0253002-6AF5-5264-8F79-AB817FFB78C9

Distribution

NorthEast China to North Korea

Hylomecon vernalis

Maxim., 1859

90ECAF81-6498-5191-96C8-85356BAE2245

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Central & South Korea

Arabidopsis halleri gemmifera

(Matsum.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz, 1997

FC91D221-A7C1-5D20-B62F-5214D6E88022

Distribution

East Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Arabis hirsuta

(L.) Scop., 1771

B36247F7-209E-5965-86CE-D43DD56B48C7

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Algeria

Barbarea orthoceras

Ledeb., 1824

924544EC-DD89-52C1-92C7-3647B2AD53C9

Distribution

Temperate Asia, Subarctic America to North, West & Central U.S.A.

Barbarea vulgaris

W.T.Aiton, 1812

40A23B6D-BB26-57AD-A938-F93A0E476E1B

Distribution

Europe, Mediterranean to Japan

Berteroella maximowiczii

(Palib.) O.E.Schulz, 1919

1F330309-F8D6-5FEA-9EEF-C18FEC856FA2

Distribution

North & East China to Korea & Japan

Capsella bursa-pastoris

(L.) Medik., 1792

B2778978-99A8-5EBC-AB42-12E757C19DE3

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, North Africa

Cardamine fallax

(O.E.Schulz) Nakai, 1919

1C1956C4-A9BB-5F9C-B95C-35E9C5E84611

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Subarctic America to North, Central & East U.S.A.

Cardamine flexuosa

With., 1796

547099E1-5961-5599-86F1-14E0A512E05E

Distribution

Europe to Iran, NorthWest Africa

Cardamine impatiens

L., 1753

C07F9423-F381-5BB8-B5C7-9555F919E612

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Cardamine komarovii

Nakai, 1914

B9577059-C30E-5AB2-BC84-23A9CEE03C97

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea

Cardamine leucantha

(Tausch) O.E.Schulz, 1903

031E5796-9CE0-5D61-9D84-62E5481CDCFE

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and China

Catolobus pendulus

(L.) Al-Shehbaz, 2005

B8CF42D6-1A34-5487-8967-789AC3DB7A17

Distribution

East Europe to Japan

Draba nemorosa

L., 1753

5D38D502-6636-57C2-8214-165C32510F70

Distribution

Subarctic and Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Erysimum amurense

Kitag., 1937

D90B5402-F267-5196-A8C3-65B54EECBB12

Distribution

South Siberia to North China

Lepidium apetalum

Willd., 1800

37F0DDAC-8B6F-5CDA-B125-1CCF8C092949

Distribution

East Europe to Temperate Asia

Rorippa palustris

(L.) Besser, 1821

4F6BC2FE-00DE-5181-A542-98970B698E62

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Tropical Mountains

Thlaspi arvense

L., 1753

A6F1F36C-E038-5AC9-9D69-87B5B2B4465C

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Turritis glabra

L., 1753

D09940D5-0AD5-5B05-8A97-6346799BD7DC

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Tropical Mountains

Hylotelephium erythrostictum

(Miq.) H.Ohba, 1977

17D57954-38E0-5708-BD83-8925BF825DC3

Distribution

China to Korea, South Sakhalin to Japan

Hylotelephium viviparum

(Maxim.) H.Ohba, 1977

9BC05FE3-A55C-5DF6-96CA-301E0114626C

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Orostachys japonica

(Maxim.) A.Berger, 1930

E5FD26A8-8DD9-5FD7-B160-0AA131243644

Distribution

East China to Korea, South Central & South Japan

Orostachys minuta

(Kom.) A.Berger, 1930

77C854CA-E0AB-5E0C-90DD-E5334A6B5915

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea

Phedimus aizoon

(L.) 't Hart, 1995

992BA6BB-CA8B-54F6-BFBA-06975A6DC2C9

Distribution

Siberia to China and North & Central Japan

Phedimus kamtschaticus

(Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) 't Hart, 1995

B132003A-3C2E-52E5-8312-383E07B164FD

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and North Japan

Phedimus middendorffianus

(Maxim.) 't Hart, 1995

C71B6259-2EF3-56D2-BDD5-1A8F31604D90

Distribution

East Siberia to Korea, Japan

Sedum bulbiferum

Makino, 1891

75B35923-C90F-579F-A044-426953B00E7C

Distribution

Central China to Korea, Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Sedum polytrichoides

Hemsl., 1887

5205954B-A03D-5BB2-82EF-C689935D4644

Distribution

North & East China to Korea, Japan

Sedum sarmentosum

Bunge, 1835

D2B2C15F-9002-56E0-BFC6-CA045EF328B7

Distribution

Thailand to Japan

Astilbe chinensis

(Maxim.) Franch. & Sav., 1873

84EE7078-6AB9-53F3-B2A8-1D109055FCE8

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and South Japan

Astilboides tabularis

(Hemsl.) Engl., 1919

F70148B3-44AB-59D8-8E57-74B4F9AEC9F8

Distribution

NorthEast China to North Korea

Chrysosplenium flagelliferum

F.Schmidt, 1868

07879D60-4061-54D3-AD84-3CE36038FA6E

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Chrysosplenium grayanum

Maxim., 1877

A52FCA8C-E68F-5B22-A7F0-2C648BF3F6F2

Distribution

East Central Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Chrysosplenium japonicum

(Maxim.) Makino, 1909

64A27A8B-4124-52DE-8AC3-F9452C8D7E42

Distribution

East China to Korea, Japan, NorthEast Taiwan

Micranthes octopetala

(Nakai) Y.I.Kim & Y.D.Kim, 2015

EDD473DB-BD63-55DF-B415-13E61016A2F9

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Mukdenia rossii

(Oliv.) Koidz., 1935

2AB235D9-D7C1-58E2-B4D5-EA0370F2BD73

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea

Rodgersia podophylla

A.Gray, 1859

9FC636B9-CECA-5CBF-A591-A77BF6C23C1C

Distribution

NorthEast. China to Korea, Japan

Saxifraga fortunei

Hook., 1863

6A51EF87-AD01-510A-BBA6-11DBD1E6C1E0

Distribution

South Central China, South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Saxifraga stolonifera

Curtis, 1774

299D6499-18DB-51F7-8072-98BED18404A2

Distribution

Central & South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Deutzia glabrata

Kom., 1903

B910476E-6D96-528A-AC2C-5ED53B3DF437

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China

Deutzia grandiflora var. baroniana

(Diels) Rehder, 1911

C8247DF2-B155-516B-8EDA-58AF8FF7A800

Distribution

North Central & East China

Deutzia paniculata

Nakai, 1913

7609B705-F6DF-5117-8AC2-78F1433FA07E

Distribution

Korea

Deutzia parviflora

Bunge, 1835

2223C49A-4FFC-539D-B2F7-4FE07A2E5C82

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Korea

Deutzia uniflora

Shirai, 1898

56BB4545-5BFB-5D2B-826E-7CF1FF833631

Distribution

Central & South Korea, Central Japan

Hydrangea macrophylla serrata

(Thunb.) Makino, 1929

BBD1828D-AE38-5252-B532-D0D736ECD255

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Hydrangea petiolaris

Siebold & Zucc., 1840

B22B561A-DB9A-5441-BA30-2BC2AC0F79EC

Distribution

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Philadelphus schrenkii

Rupr., 1857

1BDFF491-63B4-5FA6-B97D-DE7008D9F41B

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Philadelphus tenuifolius

Maxim. & Rupr., 1856

015F1910-5109-5F9B-9121-F076AB9A3DAF

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Schizophragma hydrangeoides

Siebold & Zucc., 1837

2E9028D6-6ABF-5F17-B691-64DC3F3FEE12

Distribution

Korea to Japan

Parnassia palustris

L., 1753

B5AF7DD3-1C9B-580A-9A77-641E139260C6

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense

Maxim., 1874

537ED9A3-911C-5D38-A7E8-46A6472AABC9

Distribution

Central & East China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Ribes komarovii

Pojark., 1926

D02D9451-B77C-5FC2-AB0E-506388B8C02E

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and North Korea

Ribes mandshuricum

(Maxim.) Kom., 1904

F0F07CC7-A6E7-5122-BF79-5D9921B54B54

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea

Ribes maximowiczianum

Kom., 1904

5913310C-2D0D-589C-B6A9-8CB7A2AC5A90

Distribution

Siberia to China, Korea & Japan

Agrimonia coreana

Nakai, 1918

EE70773E-6216-555F-A4E6-2303360475CF

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China, Japan

Agrimonia pilosa

Ledeb., 1823

35F674C4-F1B9-51C6-9C4B-360697BC0837

Distribution

North & East Central Europe to Japan and North Indo-China

Aria alnifolia

(Siebold & Zucc.) Decne., 1874

6E611C4B-244E-5652-BFDC-498D79565BBA

Distribution

China to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Aruncus dioicus

(Walter) Fernald, 1939

C73EC4BA-EF87-5835-9D67-2B0093A895E2

Distribution

Europe to the Caucasus, East Siberia to Russian Far East, North Central & East U.S.A.

Crataegus pinnatifida

Bunge, 1835

011AEDB8-D430-5E26-8E8C-EFA1F4CE250C

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China

Duchesnea chrysantha

(Zoll. & Moritzi) Miq., 1855

E87F4287-A2A7-5087-A76F-D1AC557856F6

Distribution

SouthEast China to Temperate East Asia and Central & South Malaysia

Duchesnea indica

(Andrews) Teschem., 1835

E4AF1CA3-9E4F-5A43-A1A2-4653935920F9

Distribution

Afghanistan to Russian Far East and Malaysia

Exochorda serratifolia

S.Moore, 1877

E011005A-F868-5344-862E-EC900C180943

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Filipendula glaberrima

Nakai, 1914

23B9514F-7E37-5B2A-988D-D7C2A596BFE7

Distribution

Primorye to North China and Korea, Sakhalin to North Japan

Geum aleppicum

Jacq., 1781

B037F539-8E13-54AA-BFAB-40F0D01002A2

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico

Geum japonicum

Thunb., 1784

623B960E-7ECC-5379-864A-C9E0A9E97A6F

Distribution

China to Korea & Japan

Malus baccata

(L.) Borkh., 1803

0AAECCE6-6220-5136-AF32-D1E03C696FB6

Distribution

Siberia to Korea and Himalaya

Malus mandshurica

(Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov, 1925

C2E4A41B-270D-5D15-A9A0-C7FD3A0A9663

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China, North & Central Japan

Potentilla chinensis

Ser., 1825

3B1CFD96-3F2F-5C8E-A3C3-402597FD2598

Distribution

Mongolia to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Potentilla cryptotaeniae

Maxim., 1873

7B3660C6-917B-5CFF-A33F-D14204E4A265

Distribution

Russian Far East to Central China and Japan

Potentilla dickinsii

Franch. & Sav., 1878

AB8D717B-017B-54CB-B9A8-E883F509D78D

Distribution

North & East China to Sakhalin and Japan

Potentilla discolor

Bunge, 1833

AA2261F8-0754-5DA2-96E9-0617595FDEF7

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Potentilla fragarioides var. major

Maxim., 1859

B2B755BE-6C83-55F9-8E69-F97483181491

Distribution

Mongolia to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Potentilla freyniana

Bornm., 1905

A9256ADB-59BB-5AC3-9180-A848DD6008FA

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Potentilla nivea

L., 1753

BA4778CE-6E0F-5347-90CA-F3BF78314BA7

Distribution

Subarctic & Subalpine

Pourthiaea villosa

(Thunb.) Decne., 1874

92BCD151-3061-5EA8-8868-ED8D147A7EB5

Distribution

Central & South China to Korea, Japan, North Taiwan

Prunus armeniaca

L., 1753

C07A1B57-E3EB-5C4F-A833-FFD346A12610

Distribution

Central Asia to North & Central China

Prunus buergeriana

Miq., 1865

D6E15040-2CC4-529A-86A1-D5FFE8289CCA

Distribution

Himalaya to Korea & Central & South Japan

Prunus choreiana

Nakai ex H.T.Im, 2006

4EC465E8-911C-5D62-A322-7550CD92D7D1

Distribution

Korea

Prunus davidiana

(Carrière) Franch., 1884

BE5B22E9-58A8-5521-8E81-695FC2C0B484

Distribution

North Central China to Korea

Prunus japonica var. nakaii

(H.Lév.) Rehder, 1922

5672637E-5D00-51B0-BEA8-C4446BB53E3C

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea

Prunus mandshurica

(Maxim.) Koehne, 1893

80771523-3F59-5F60-867F-421A9377C442

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Prunus padus

L., 1753

441271AC-747C-5CD4-A55F-39604EA6A512

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Morocco

Prunus persica

(L.) Batsch, 1801

B7B95726-50E5-5B25-8F0B-6E4567F67D54

Distribution

North Central China

Prunus sargentii

Rehder, 1908

30F87F61-8492-57E2-8C12-04C268CE83A3

Distribution

Russian Far East to Japan, Korea

Prunus sargentii var. verecunda

(Koidz.) Chin S.Chang, 2004

CADCB7D0-BD7B-5829-A6FB-B3449FACEB80

Distribution

North & East China to Korea, Japan

Prunus serrulata var. pubescens

(Makino) Nakai, 1915

F90130C6-A85E-5C93-B7E3-8093C1D1737F

Distribution

North & East China to Korea, Japan

Prunus serrulata f. spontanea

(E.H.Wilson) Chin S.Chang, 2007

B17F0403-F029-513B-B99C-18C9EBECBC99

Distribution

Central & South Japan

Prunus sibirica

L., 1753

06EE7806-AED5-5BAC-A362-E2B41C486E8C

Distribution

South Siberia to North China and Korea

Prunus tomentosa

Thunb., 1784

995F200C-8C31-519E-985D-7C74631D9FC5

Distribution

Tibet to China, Sakhalin

Prunus yedoensis

Matsum., 1901

3DB76253-4696-53A5-B963-1FD80A2C6B49

Distribution

Japan, Korea

Pyrus calleryana var. fauriei

(C.K.Schneid.) Rehder, 1920

6237C2D3-C648-54A6-8305-4889D04CBEAD

Distribution

Korea, Japan & Taiwan

Pyrus ussuriensis

Maxim. ex Rupr., 1856

2B36B1F5-24EC-5D93-BBA0-E1735A3DF847

Distribution

North & East China to Korea, Russian Far East to North Japan

Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata

(Thunb. ex Murray) H.Ohashi, 1988

9FC97315-1264-5DCF-BA21-F5783EF563CB

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Rosa acicularis

Lindl., 1820

047C2246-1D90-54C7-AF85-CE93850CE1F0

Distribution

North Europe to North & Central Japan, Central Alaska

Rosa davurica

Pall., 1788

85C18913-E7B8-5AD9-AA44-B4B1103F6B30

Distribution

Siberia to Russian Far East and Korea

Rosa koreana

Kom., 1901

8845499D-E93D-5CA9-BDF9-D053CECC2132

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Rosa lucieae

Franch. & Rochebr. ex Crép., 1871

DC5857C8-5318-5294-928B-7F981C6E031E

Distribution

SouthEast China, South Korea, Central & South Japan to Philippines

Rosa multiflora

Thunb., 1784

5C4BB17A-B281-538E-AB00-C018D80EECED

Distribution

East China to Korea, Japan

Rubus corchorifolius

L.f., 1782

31431C43-6699-5F8D-B31F-20BB5F9E4DAC

Distribution

China to North Indo-China, Korea, Japan

Rubus coreanus

Miq., 1867

02CD2C50-5BE5-5A7E-854E-49B2C4834C27

Distribution

North & East China to Korea

Rubus crataegifolius

Bunge, 1833

7EA0F9D8-1F52-549A-A84A-FF5302284038

Distribution

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Rubus idaeus var. microphyllus

Turcz., 1843

12EE4EC6-1E56-5B6D-AD83-CC44A5293E45

Distribution

Subarctic to North & Central China and Mexico

Rubus parvifolius

L., 1753

957D7DA2-BC4A-58B8-9EA9-A53332AECDA0

Distribution

China to Vietnam, Sakhalin to Temperate East Asia, East & South East Australia

Rubus phoenicolasius

Maxim., 1872

1E50F700-6353-5FA3-80D1-629860A0F1C7

Distribution

China (Qinghai) to Korea, Japan

Rubus pungens

Cambess., 1844

57C43688-E613-5911-8478-AD1A41391792

Distribution

North Pakistan to Primorye and Temperate East Asia

Sanguisorba hakusanensis

Makino, 1907

D7D5A584-8175-5D8E-B9F7-9EA1DF251AD0

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Sanguisorba officinalis

L., 1753

A1E8AD6F-5AB7-528A-887C-25CB73FA2F49

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila

Maxim., 1879

AE3D46E6-A1DB-5950-99A5-34BC4D378FBB

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea, Japan

Sorbus commixta

Hedl., 1901

93E05EA9-3170-5448-8852-54DA6799CF0B

Distribution

Central China to Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Spiraea blumei

G.Don, 1832

3ADDD1C4-B08A-558B-BD3D-85108E01E389

Distribution

China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Spiraea chamaedryfolia

L., 1753

9E596BFB-DA98-5A04-AB9C-DD54AD49A48E

Distribution

SouthEast Europe to Korea, Japan

Spiraea chamaedryfolia var. pilosa

(Nakai) H.Hara, 1952

5A39D86D-CD7F-52EC-AC9D-619E7179F072

Distribution

SouthEast Europe to Korea, Japan

Spiraea chartacea

Nakai, 1928

23866886-B2B1-5CEA-A3F0-953DF4F6BBD2

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Spiraea chinensis

Maxim., 1879

5CDC53F3-1DC3-5108-B653-98488F7357E6

Distribution

China to Korea

Spiraea fritschiana

C.K.Schneid., 1905

F17DE247-CE55-519E-8773-E9C2E910128A

Distribution

China to Korea

Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora

Nakai, 1909

81E94034-E8A6-5E09-A7BB-652223086B25

Distribution

South China

Spiraea salicifolia

L., 1753

15906F90-C96A-5878-B38C-67DD646BFDC7

Distribution

East Central Europe to North & Central Japan

Spiraea trichocarpa

Nakai, 1909

4D84CBD2-9955-57CA-AC20-8871F78A4066

Distribution

North China to Korea

Stephanandra incisa

(Thunb.) Zabel, 1885

2EE4D07A-1F74-5AA0-B0FB-33706ECAC897

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Albizia julibrissin

Durazz., 1772

04044246-6253-57D3-AAF9-659935658467

Distribution

East Transcaucasus to Japan

Amorpha fruticosa

L., 1753

A5C7A7B4-4979-5C9C-8828-15C7793D1C56

Distribution

U.S.A. to North Mexico

Amphicarpaea bracteata edgeworthii

(Benth.) H.Ohashi, 1966

03926D56-2584-5FFE-BCAA-3A22EDB3ABBB

Distribution

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Astragalus penduliflorus var. dahuricus

(DC.) X.Y. Zhu, 2005

BF6E2754-D028-58A9-BD25-2DB3A90A8A8D

Distribution

Siberia to Russian Far East and West & North China

Caragana fruticosa

(Pall.) Besser, 1816

2BB5C58F-ADBD-555A-873A-D530CCE8958B

Distribution

Central Asia to Siberia and NorthEast China

Chamaecrista nomame

(Makino) H.Ohashi, 1989

C0CE0BAF-B916-5AFD-AD6C-1D6CA39DD7F0

Distribution

Eritrea to Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to North & East Australia

Glycine max soja

(Siebold & Zucc.) H.Ohashi, 1982

9ABDF868-4E5B-567B-9D26-11A765F55AEB

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Hylodesmum oldhamii

(Oliv.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

FE033190-5988-5E2B-81C7-1D1C7DB9AF11

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Hylodesmum podocarpum

(DC.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

BCAE3F53-D835-5FBF-B0C4-C20A50F88F02

Distribution

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia and Philippines

Hylodesmum podocarpum fallax

(Schindl.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

931D0615-ABB3-51E5-91E8-D50983D769F4

Distribution

Central & South China to Central & South Japan

Hylodesmum podocarpum oxyphyllum

(DC.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

442E31B4-8AF6-5957-91CA-F1CAF2560A1E

Distribution

Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Hylodesmum podocarpum var. mandshuricum

(Maxim.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, 2000

E0A83C3B-B15F-578E-BD5F-E3BE25C6AB79

Distribution

Himalaya to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Indigofera grandiflora

B.H.Choi & S.K.Cho, 1996

D097B402-E678-57EC-ACD2-8F147234BCC0

Distribution

Korea

Indigofera kirilowii

Maxim. ex Palib., 1899

9D8CBC35-A1D6-576B-8A2B-A0C54322F846

Distribution

China to Korea, Japan

Indigofera pseudotinctoria

Matsum., 1902

9C3C64B1-0B79-5782-B8C0-B2185F7ECA2B

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Kummerowia stipulacea

(Maxim.) Makino, 1914

E3AA5752-09C0-5610-AF89-AB8BC9B157B5

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Kummerowia striata

(Thunb.) Schindl., 1912

065BF8B3-5493-50FD-888A-86B191C531BF

Distribution

Russian Far East to North Indo-China

Lathyrus davidii

Hance, 1871

9200D977-0002-53C9-894D-9C0562E9ED6D

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Korea, Japan

Lespedeza bicolor

Turcz., 1840

58FDD2DF-D421-5CE1-BEAA-16E73503A41B

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Korea, Japan

Lespedeza cuneata

(Dum.Cours.) G.Don, 1832

44BA9129-2125-5F24-8C3E-2A425CA33DEC

Distribution

Afghanistan to Japan and Tropical Asia, East & South East Australia

Lespedeza cyrtobotrya

Miq., 1867

4F030DCB-579E-5774-A510-C7E1AB078CC5

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Central & South Japan

Lespedeza juncea

(L.f.) Pers., 1807

F7C607F6-4230-5AFB-8958-C12351E48646

Distribution

Temperate Asia to North India

Lespedeza maritima

Nakai, 1923

E7F89353-E86A-536E-A73F-6DA95BF152D5

Distribution

Korea

Lespedeza maximowiczii

C.K.Schneid., 1907

48A49BDA-5647-534C-9D27-CCA8AFEED1B3

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella

(Nakai) Nakai, 1927

B5E004D8-226D-5EC7-B72E-38206C532AC0

Distribution

Korea

Lespedeza virgata

(Thunb.) DC., 182

C190EAAA-4F13-57C6-8771-1E7D8D88F402

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Lotus corniculatus var. japonica

Regel, 1865

84A9C309-3F6D-572D-8F6D-B697F7A73365

Distribution

Temperate East Asia

Maackia amurensis

Rupr., 1856

23167C84-227E-5F89-AFD7-ABDB5B8008C6

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Medicago lupulina

L., 1753

15F22DE7-1F30-5D1A-A701-F632FEC19EC7

Distribution

Macaronesia, Europe to the Caucasus, North & Northeast Tropical Africa to Arabian Peninsula Indian Subcontinent to China

Medicago sativa

L., 1753

D93E221C-B3A7-5137-84A4-8302084D7C7E

Distribution

Mediterranean to West Siberia and Iran

Melilotus albus

Medik., 1787

64FAC103-6EF9-5925-94E7-FE404DCAFEEF

Distribution

Europe to China, North Africa to Myanmar, Ethiopia to South Africa

Pueraria lobata

(Willd.) Ohwi, 1947

EF4E9EDB-9A23-5747-BDEE-0A00910FDB20

Distribution

China to North Australia

Robinia pseudoacacia

L., 1753

E89B38AA-13F2-5608-B58C-F47D76C84C07

Distribution

East Central & East U.S.A

Sophora flavescens

Aiton, 1789

09D636A9-60D5-5144-BB3B-C9F7A2EC58ED

Distribution

Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Sophora koreensis

Nakai, 1919

77217D28-4AB1-59A3-8274-168C3F9902A6

Distribution

Korea

Styphnolobium japonicum

(L.) Schott, 1829

AE6D4648-72AF-514B-A772-D6C67F321293

Distribution

Central & South China

Trifolium dubium

Sibth., 1794

A3523EB0-B55F-554F-9089-3ADD6BECCB1E

Distribution

Macaronesia, Europe to Mediterranean and Caucasus

Trifolium pratense

L., 1753

45C62ACB-24B8-510A-BA46-895FB64F2A69

Distribution

Macaronesia, NorthWest Africa, Europe to Mongolia and Himalaya

Trifolium repens

L., 1753

DBA5698B-98D0-550B-B92C-5096F75BA132

Distribution

Macaronesia, NorthWest. Africa, Egypt to Zimbabwe, Europe to Mongolia and Himalaya

Vicia amoena

Fisch. ex Ser., 1825

54BD6C8D-FAD8-5472-8B2F-72951F36A49C

Distribution

Temperate Asia

Vicia amurensis

Oett., 1906

56DAA274-0B0B-5BF8-8EF4-4C07CE873842

Distribution

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Vicia chosenensis

Ohwi, 1936

9FD6AD7A-52E8-57B4-9623-1FFB257EB757

Distribution

Korea

Vicia cracca

L., 1753

439B7346-2ADE-5532-8854-B04C0678B817

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Vicia hirsuta

(L.) Gray, 1822

80CC0AC4-D6F9-5822-A2CD-8A152F15A49A

Distribution

Macaronesia, Temperate Eurasia, North Africa to Tanzania

Vicia sativa nigra

Ehrh., 1780

C9A5F4EB-0968-5B62-91A1-7C30C3A81804

Distribution

Macaronesia, Temperate Eurasia, North Africa to Kenya

Vicia unijuga

A.Braun, 1853

58A4130E-4F0F-5A27-9171-3E00FC4799D3

Distribution

Temperate Asia

Vicia venosa

(Willd. ex Link) Maxim., 1872

E900ACAD-880F-552D-B8DC-D93177164E31

Distribution

Siberia to China and Japan

Vicia venosa var. cuspidata

Maxim., 1886

4C65F3B4-9DAB-58A9-8193-C62370366905

Distribution

South China to Korea, Central Japan

Vigna angularis var. nipponensis

(Ohwi) Ohwi & H.Ohashi, 1969

ADEFF87F-7123-56B9-8183-080123126F6F

Distribution

Nepal to South China and North Indo-China, Taiwan, Central & South Japan

Wisteria floribunda

(Willd.) DC., 1825

F448B581-AE7F-5E74-974A-BF3E54073A95

Distribution

South Central & South Japan

Oxalis acetosella

L., 1753

2E23B915-DE76-5166-ADFC-F4712B8D00AF

Distribution

Europe to Japan, Algeria

Oxalis corniculata

L., 1753

CBD76E65-62DE-5D9D-83B1-28DA69B8B8D6

Distribution

Mexico to Venezuela and Peru, Caribbean

Oxalis obtriangulata

Maxim., 1868

E5BC5AAA-183F-5D03-999B-0444D6495286

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Oxalis stricta

L., 1753

53E33A9D-F043-5D65-93C1-77775379CE00

Distribution

Central & East China to North & Central Japan, North America

Geranium koreanum

Kom., 1901

CBAFFD51-AF94-566C-AFB8-8C7212D2BD67

Distribution

East China to Korea

Geranium krameri

Franch. & Sav., 1878

58A4054F-1FB1-5860-85B5-78A9D9EC7206

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan

Geranium sibiricum

L., 1753

9813CB2E-AECB-536F-95D1-90BE307ED666

Distribution

Romania to Temperate Asia

Geranium thunbergii

Siebold & Zucc., 1845

113543C2-4180-5265-89E4-6CDF5488DAD4

Distribution

China, Kuril Islands to Temperate East Asia

Acalypha australis

L., 1753

84020775-5CAF-5B38-84C5-C3EBCBC37685

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North Philippines

Euphorbia humifusa

Willd. ex Schltdl., 1814

6EF62120-1AD9-5AF2-854C-35BA8D1E7186

Distribution

Moldova to Temperate Asia

Euphorbia hypericifolia

L., 1753

9102EA0C-D155-52E4-AFF3-1C650BB19B63

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical America

Euphorbia maculata

L., 1753

14BCE787-2DD4-598C-BE31-5DF0E73CAA32

Distribution

SouthEast Canada to Belize, Cuba, Bahamas

Euphorbia sieboldiana

Morren & Decne., 1836

3CB2A6A4-B702-5890-A7DA-C99C3552AAE0

Distribution

China to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Mallotus japonicus

(L.f.) Müll.Arg., 1865

355C0F60-2CCA-5DA8-ACA2-E61DD172AF3B

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Mercurialis leiocarpa

Siebold & Zucc., 1845

7127E354-A346-5932-A053-2395CA29D5FC

Distribution

Nepal to Temperate East Asia

Neoshirakia japonica

(Siebold & Zucc.) Esser, 1998

AD392E10-4DAC-5050-B02F-40F593147E2F

Distribution

South & East China, Korea (including Jeju-do), Central & South Japan to Nansei-shoto

Phyllanthus ussuriensis

Rupr. & Maxim., 1857

33782B4F-7EF9-531F-A18B-DB329BDA87B5

Distribution

Mongolia to China and Temperate East Asia

Securinega suffruticosa

(Pall.) Rehder, 1932

C7121AD9-760E-56AF-8DDA-C34A0D977649

Distribution

Temperate Asia

Dictamnus dasycarpus

Turcz., 1842

5CE27A8E-C5E3-52CD-9059-22D19809FAD0

Distribution

South East Siberia to China and Korea

Orixa japonica

Thunb., 1783

66641559-243E-567F-8D4A-48CECD37ADC4

Distribution

Central & South China to South Korea, Central & South Japan

Phellodendron amurense

Rupr., 1857

D6824406-7170-5C51-BD1E-64434B362754

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China, Temperate East Asia

Tetradium daniellii

(Benn.) T.G.Hartley, 1981

C9C30ACA-2D6A-5B0B-881E-9A88A16B2C48

Distribution

SouthEast Tibet to China

Zanthoxylum piperitum

(L.) DC., 1824

1BD7F82F-9496-5FC7-B453-A03FFE14CAB6

Distribution

China to South Korea, Japan

Zanthoxylum schinifolium

Siebold & Zucc., 1845

0F9F6591-27CB-5A9C-9207-526079271463

Distribution

Central & East China to Temperate East Asia

Ailanthus altissima

(Mill.) Swingle, 1916

BC442EE0-05D1-5628-B4E2-16C304B117A1

Distribution

China

Picrasma quassioides

(D.Don) Benn., 1844

BB0C03ED-F58B-5503-8690-B15FBEC62B48

Distribution

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Rhus chinensis

Mill., 1768

2F891F10-F067-5650-AB99-C70C61761112

Distribution

North Pakistan to Japan, Sumatra

Toxicodendron sylvestre

(Siebold & Zucc.) Kuntze, 1891

C2D89EF1-4339-5223-BE6C-7BE645270C21

Distribution

South China, South Korea, South Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Toxicodendron trichocarpum

(Miq.) Kuntze, 1891

7C97DF6D-790D-5D5C-90B3-8FFB56DD51B0

Distribution

South China to Korea, Kuril Islands to Japan

Acer barbinerve

Maxim., 1867

4204C0EF-9737-584E-BF3D-69889214011D

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North Korea

Acer komarovii

Pojark., 1949

72271F2F-7115-5872-AD57-7A65A757096E

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Acer palmatum

Thunb., 1784

21C501E3-FE30-5C1F-B3E3-FB118A70C5E3

Distribution

SouthWest Korea, Central & S. Japan

Acer pictum var. mono

(Maxim.) Maxim., 1880

F391E1D1-80C6-522F-B432-3DB2BC6AFD9F

Distribution

China to Mongolia and Russian Far East, North & Central Japan

Acer pseudosieboldianum

(Pax) Kom., 1903

DE06A427-0F24-524D-9491-86D58AC34256

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Acer negundo

L., 1753

DEAE84E3-74F1-5C46-A346-ADB989EDFB1C

Distribution

Canada to Honduras

Acer tataricum ginnala

(Maxim.) Wesm., 1890

49FA0365-9FE7-5FA5-8B32-2200D04D9DD9

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea

Acer tegmentosum

Maxim., 1856

9B2F199C-A497-59FA-A6FE-CA79F666824F

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Acer triflorum

Kom., 1901

9A91C040-AF88-5EF6-BBFD-799F8CBFAE86

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea

Acer truncatum

Bunge, 1833

E24E1FB0-58F3-581F-8A99-3CEDEB8E5A71

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China, Korea, Japan

Acer ukurunduense

Trautv. & C.A.Mey., 1856

CCD14184-8FFF-59FC-8E1C-51E41B5C485E

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea and Japan

Meliosma pinnata var. oldhamii

(Miq. ex Maxim.) Beusekom, 1971

43D77B06-3C71-568A-90BB-2E395769E650

Distribution

Central & South China to Korea, Japan

Impatiens noli-tangere

L., 1753

B8724C93-E9F3-50B6-BE0A-1C998FF159BA

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Alaska to Central Canada and West Central California

Impatiens textorii

Miq., 1865

82CCDD35-075A-562B-B2AD-E5FC78DDE4B2

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Impatiens textorii var. koreana

(Nakai) Nakai, 1917

8C00AD79-7700-588A-8753-BED9E68B91FD

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Ilex macropoda

Miq., 1867

72CD8DA4-20D5-5CC4-8958-82342B975DBD

Distribution

SouthEast China (to Hubei), Korea, Japan

Celastrus flagellaris

Rupr., 1857

377868A3-BDC6-58F9-A5D7-2F044692E826

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Korea, Central & South Japan

Celastrus orbiculatus

Thunb., 1784

009146E1-46D2-56B2-946B-035966F6FEA2

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Central & South Japan

Celastrus stephanotiifolius

(Makino) Makino, 1926

BE3E7767-F0F0-5BB5-9BC9-232B8D8B77E7

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Euonymus alatus

(Thunb.) Siebold, 1830

15AD90C3-6695-501D-950C-4541501808C2

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and China

Euonymus alatus f. ciliato-dentatus

(Franch. & Sav.) Hiyama, 1956

371D296C-8108-501E-B51F-436CB3D87D41

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and China

Euonymus fortunei

(Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz., 1933

A5389311-A5AA-5C91-93AF-F3F7C7DA8BC2

Distribution

Assam to Temperate East Asia and West & Central Malaysia

Euonymus hamiltonianus

Wall., 1824

E612901F-2AF7-5534-A99B-CAE7CADCD6C4

Distribution

East Afghanistan to Central & South Japan

Euonymus macropterus

Rupr., 1857

34D8E944-80AF-5C57-BD50-D61998367C2E

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea and Japan

Euonymus oxyphyllus

Miq., 1865

B262058D-B510-5C30-851C-78F8CEE00C43

Distribution

Kuril Islands to China and Temperate East Asia

Euonymus pauciflorus

Maxim., 1859

6A4ABE37-FA52-584D-A65F-06943C4EED1B

Distribution

Central Europe to Korea, Central Japan

Euonymus sachalinensis

(F.Schmidt) Maxim., 1882

06D85EAF-4534-557A-8E65-3C216DF2BC56

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North East China and North & Central Japan

Tripterygium regelii

Sprague & Takeda, 1912

E5A9B700-1148-5C84-A64B-EFB838A19D73

Distribution

North East China to Korea, Japan

Euscaphis japonica

(Thunb.) Kanitz, 1878

3530B8EF-1D5D-5CF2-9962-7D8A80C9B48D

Distribution

Central & South China to North Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Staphylea bumalda

DC., 1825

009C9345-D91F-5AD6-AB7B-09E239E00464

Distribution

China to Korea, Japan

Buxus sinica var. insularis

(Nakai) M.Cheng, 1980

4A2A3990-7A40-53BC-8556-A48841287ECF

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Berchemia berchemiifolia

(Makino) Koidz., 1925

CEF4382C-E76D-5CFC-9580-CE21FA07F07E

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Hovenia dulcis

Thunb., 1781

B4DC8521-477D-5F47-9EFB-1D705C0F5B34

Distribution

Indian Subcontinent to Korea, Japan

Rhamnus davurica

Pall., 1776

53100134-8E40-5192-8279-4D5313BAB6F4

Distribution

South Siberia to Russian Far East and Korea

Rhamnus koraiensis

C.K.Schneid., 1908

316CCBBC-48F2-50FA-A583-F5A3AF2E7C01

Distribution

Russian Far East to China, Korea and Japan

Rhamnus ussuriensis

J.J.Vassil., 1940

63D86674-6FC2-5ECA-8C6A-67F006F53D55

Distribution

Russian Far East to North Vietnam and Korea

Rhamnus yoshinoi

Makino, 1904

3CFDF111-BF45-5064-9413-1EF470160F38

Distribution

China to Korea, South Central & South Japan

Ziziphus jujuba

Mill., 1768

352D476E-7A54-5BF1-B65B-A321DC44461B

Distribution

North & East China to South Korea

Ziziphus jujuba var. inermis

(Bunge) Rehder, 1922

62854E61-DEBD-5C6E-A894-8A0F3FBA8DF3

Distribution

North & East China to South Korea

Ampelopsis glandulosa var. heterophylla

(Thunb.) Momiy., 1977

C61B42EF-A46D-5229-B46F-F7CBE424C494

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China, South Sakhalin to Japan

Parthenocissus tricuspidata

(Siebold & Zucc.) Planch., 1887

407142EE-DED7-55D9-BB80-22617241B474

Distribution

South Russian Far East to East China and Temperate East Asia

Vitis amurensis

Rupr., 1857

31688ABA-4319-5FFB-9F18-4A381731195B

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China and Korea, Japan

Vitis coignetiae

Pulliat ex Planch., 1883

F8A31F1E-011B-54E4-9001-393CCC528F20

Distribution

South Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Vitis flexuosa

Thunb., 1794

91999F92-D0F3-57DE-B4D5-338B022F5747

Distribution

China to Korea, Japan and Tropical Asia

Vitis heyneana ficifolia

(Bunge) C.L.Li, 1996

F062D155-5A1A-5F11-972A-AFC79E5DC8DA

Distribution

North Central & East Central China to South Korea, Japan

Corchoropsis tomentosa

(Thunb.) Makino, 1903

5B4D99B9-BFB7-5871-8386-50087457BBBA

Distribution

Caribbean to North Venezuela

Corchoropsis tomentosa var. psilocarpa

(Harms & Loes. ex Gilg & Loes.) C.Y.Wu & Y.Tang, 1994

FFB3C5AE-3B9D-54F2-92FF-732750437989

Distribution

North & East China to Korea

Grewia biloba

G.Don, 1831

BBF13966-24F2-5F4C-8DCB-A83980D3F68B

Distribution

Central & South China to Korea, Taiwan

Tilia amurensis

Rupr., 1869

7A34D913-ED10-5CE9-BD1C-CA2ED12A3DF5

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Tilia mandshurica

Rupr. & Maxim., 1856

EB5E32EB-1FA8-5B1C-967F-8C980DD78BF8

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Central Japan

Tilia taquetii

C.K.Schneid., 1909

AD9EE320-1C8E-5853-BC7E-2285A8A47C60

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Triumfetta japonica

Makino, 1913

5F1A2FA8-A679-5071-8351-A20FEA1C1963

Distribution

Korea, South Central & South Japan to Philippines

Citrus trifoliata

L., 1763

AC352AFA-B6FE-5082-BB23-CE4249340A4B

Distribution

China

Viola acuminata

Ledeb., 1842

1AD5FEB4-4D53-5C08-AB6D-8980B4970DDE

Distribution

Siberia to China and North & Central Japan

Viola albida

Palib., 1900

8387E81E-277F-551E-A384-D30FEDBA6880

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Viola albida var. chaerophylloides

(Regel) F.Maek. ex H.Hara, 1954

5A6BE3BE-E60F-5DD7-861F-B5EDF75747B1

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Korea, South Japan

Viola collina

Besser, 1816

62C835C6-BFB6-5CEE-8887-A65DA40D8B2E

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Viola hirtipes

S.Moore, 1879

7FB668E6-6894-500E-BC79-723886FB7B55

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Viola japonica

Langsd. ex Ging., 1824

FE743433-0D66-54D9-8681-7290210A240F

Distribution

Korea, Japan & Taiwan

Viola keiskei

Miq., 1866

431F4692-4DCF-5B9D-BE88-EA40683E6AD3

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Viola lactiflora

Nakai, 1914

B8500FCB-B49A-5766-8793-B8AD41AF9B7D

Distribution

East China to Korea

Viola mandshurica

W.Becker, 1917

50AFECCD-D8D7-5BCA-A7ED-FFAC9C46D43E

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China and Japan

Viola orientalis

(Maxim.) W.Becker, 1915

54FBE366-2273-51A4-B589-B8589C674D86

Distribution

South Russian Far East to East China and Korea, Central & South Japan

Viola ovato-oblonga

(Miq.) Makino, 1907

76F3F0CC-F64C-5411-959E-701DAA92A08D

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Viola phalacrocarpa

Maxim., 187

DC6B52C3-F075-5860-B524-1808558DB074

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Viola philippica

Cav., 1800

BCC5B76C-AF0F-53AC-9A79-A10DFA3C7975

Distribution

Asia

Viola rossii

Hemsl., 1886

E955B35A-6DB3-5C0B-9CD3-1675BDC8AA78

Distribution

South Russian Far East to East Central & East China and Korea, Japan

Viola selkirkii

Pursh ex Goldie, 1822

8CE9E7BE-A110-5DC6-A23F-479FA1F8ADBF

Distribution

North Europe to Japan, Subarctic America to North & West Central U.S.A.

Viola sororia

Willd., 1806

4D082647-AC5D-508A-B9EC-37B1E37B6721

Distribution

Canada to U.S.A. and East Mexico

Viola tenuicornis

W.Becker, 1920

488F180F-4609-5BA4-AEFE-37C9A62235D8

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea

Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana

(Makino) F.Maek., 1954

731612B9-F5A7-5681-ADFC-3BD4AE4D2B8B

Distribution

NorthEast China to South Korea, Japan

Viola variegata

Fisch. ex Link, 1821

424F6B3A-D0AF-5802-8C8F-69892F0CA937

Distribution

SouthEast. Siberia to North China and Japan

Viola verecunda

A.Gray, 1858

22F5E1B2-8031-52B0-958D-FEAB73B13ADF

Distribution

Asia

Viola violacea

Makino, 1891

56070145-E301-575C-A613-6733029F57EA

Distribution

SouthEast China, South Korea, Central & South Japan

Sicyos angulatus

L., 1753

1DCFD18F-06F6-512E-A18C-55B710D5B5B7

Distribution

East Canada to Central & East U.S.A.

Elaeagnus macrophylla

Thunb., 1784

B5F8072D-EE59-5973-B786-8BA45163312E

Distribution

East China, South Korea (including Jeju-do), South Central & South Japan to Taiwan

Elaeagnus umbellata

Thunb., 1784

6F9AF35C-C059-54BB-9FA5-8E63CD7B4A53

Distribution

Afghanistan to Temperate East Asia

Lythrum salicaria

L., 1753

1C385426-EB0B-5333-BA59-A9BD6EBDA199

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, North West Africa, Ethiopia, Australia

Circaea alpina

L., 1753

95F5C83D-D7F2-5316-839A-35A005FA3C1F

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Circaea cordata

Royle, 1835

A850C60C-7C9A-51AB-9271-DBFFEF24476B

Distribution

NorthEast Pakistan to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Circaea lutetiana quadrisulcata

(Maxim.) Asch. & Magnus, 1870

064A5808-4ED0-5741-AAE3-1F9D7EABCAFE

Distribution

European Russia to North & North Central Japan

Circaea mollis

Siebold & Zucc., 1845

A198984D-68B3-527F-8D57-C7FC7B9411DC

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Indo-China

Ludwigia prostrata

Roxb., 1820

F621C09E-E99F-5E53-95A8-E371107805D0

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Oenothera biennis

L., 1753

C7DC8622-5FB6-5ACD-9F66-37C08F6FFB78

Distribution

Canada to Central Mexico

Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum

(Miq.) Ohwi, 1965

BEE3D5B0-DBCB-5257-91C6-A01921DAE2B0

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China, Temperate East Asia

Aucuba japonica

Thunb., 1783

05BFC80C-81AC-5E02-85F1-D427EBCF3329

Distribution

SouthEast. China to Temperate East Asia

Cornus controversa

Hemsl., 1909

091247A1-65BE-537B-B567-0B2A12C36DDA

Distribution

Central Himalaya to South Kuril Islands and North Indo-China

Cornus kousa

Bürger ex Hance, 1873

DB48D8C2-80CC-5775-A081-465AA0DAAF17

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Cornus macrophylla

Wall., 1820

A0EED03D-C111-5AF3-BFD6-4D496C186CCD

Distribution

Afghanistan to Sakhalin, Korea

Cornus walteri

Wangerin, 1908

564AF042-73FB-5289-B6E1-4D5DBE19EB24

Distribution

China to Korea

Aralia cordata

Thunb., 1784

9A7A73C8-5F01-578A-8660-87EA4D7E4A28

Distribution

SouthEast China (to Hubei), Sakhalin to Temperate East Asia

Aralia cordata var. continentalis

(Kitag.) Y.C.Chu, 1989

AA435C79-251E-5A8D-9FBC-6F16F8809B1B

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Korea

Aralia elata

(Miq.) Seem., 1868

23DC5F60-6B0F-5BE2-A2E6-6D8CED9A718F

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Eleutherococcus divaricatus

(Siebold & Zucc.) S.Y.Hu, 1980

04B1EF8E-CC71-577E-A9B8-6CA4472DA7B7

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis

(Nakai) C.H.Kim & B.-Y.Sun, 2000

84627AB8-CAAD-57B7-A122-F6F58DFF19BE

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus

(Rupr. & Maxim.) S.Y.Hu, 1980

D99A1853-C3B1-586B-B7AA-CE4ED7FAF922

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Korea

Hedera rhombea

(Miq.) Paul, 1867

97CA1CB8-D703-59EB-BAB9-A8F539E2D12A

Distribution

Temperate East Asia

Kalopanax septemlobus

(Thunb.) Koidz., 1925

1A899514-719A-5373-9452-8DB1C82345F4

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Oplopanax elatus

(Nakai) Nakai, 1927

A36A7B26-4332-5723-A014-8A972B86F660

Distribution

South Primorye, China (E. Jilin), Korea

Angelica amurensis

Schischk., 1951

40598E63-0419-5A32-BF61-993FAEE40D0D

Distribution

Russian Far East to Central China and Korea, Japan

Angelica cartilaginomarginata

(Makino ex Y.Yabe) Nakai, 1909

384FCDAC-9680-5765-8185-404F3307518B

Distribution

Northeast China to Central & South Japan

Angelica dahurica

(Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., 1873

283F3255-9498-58DE-BFDE-356E3A1F18DD

Distribution

South Siberia to North China and Japan

Angelica decursiva

(Miq.) Franch. & Sav., 1873

F8AD3E0B-7993-58E4-BA0A-0E2A9F11BB49

Distribution

Vietnam to South Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Angelica gigas

Nakai, 1917

076C45A9-BEA7-5AD2-B673-F1081DC9BA16

Distribution

Northeast China to Korea

Angelica polymorpha

Maxim., 1873

F822FB00-F614-5DC9-B622-E7E891949328

Distribution

North & East China to Central & South Japan

Angelica reflexa

B.Y.Lee, 2013

3981C1DC-3698-57A1-8C49-311654A5C8C1

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea and North & Central Japan, Aleutian Islands to West U.S.A.

Anthriscus caucalis

M.Bieb., 1808

B367B5A0-5F9E-5697-9423-4616290C9251

Distribution

Macaronesia to Northwest Africa, Europe to Caucasus

Anthriscus sylvestris

(L.) Hoffm., 1814

5133D884-7534-5262-8675-80D423889F7E

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia to Tropical African Mountains

Bupleurum longeradiatum

Turcz., 1844

C654ADD5-267D-596D-A514-811D7D229BC7

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to Japan and South-Central China

Cnidium monnieri

(L.) Cusson, 1782

0A102586-8ADB-5A9D-99D8-F81095896932

Distribution

Temperate Asia to Indo-China

Ligusticum officinale

(Makino) Kitag., 1963

43F5B635-5E4A-5667-8D59-886AA476CFE9

Distribution

Japan, Korea

Oenanthe javanica

DC., 1830

D3598209-F634-589D-B574-A3AB17DE3042

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Osmorhiza aristata

(Thunb.) Rydb., 1894

321AB573-DB5B-5B37-9BF9-2A5BCD8AD337

Distribution

Temperate Asia

Ostericum grosseserratum

(Maxim.) Kitag., 1936

0BCBC190-1359-5302-9285-EA088723A4EC

Distribution

Mongolia to Korea and China

Ostericum sieboldii

(Miq.) Nakai, 1942

E1E66A44-09EF-5EE4-8446-1E4D5A2E104F

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Korea, Central & South Japan

Peucedanum terebinthaceum

(Fisch. ex Trevir.) Turcz., 1838

67B69C58-253F-5B01-93D9-E4137C8C5739

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and North China

Pimpinella brachycarpa

(Kom.) Nakai, 1909

7345C955-662F-559C-94EE-B04AB0CA5D7C

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Central & East China and Korea, South Central & South Japan

Sanicula chinensis

Bunge, 1835

C91DEB14-48A8-5522-8CE7-3E85D5725851

Distribution

Russian Far East to China, Korea and Japan

Sillaphyton podagraria

(H.Boissieu) Pimenov, 2016

9864B6AF-850C-5C83-A6F9-F2809B1918D0

Distribution

Korea

Torilis japonica

(Houtt.) DC., 1830

8D8FB634-A047-5F55-9BBF-3F91C20E5A8C

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia to North Indo-China

Torilis scabra

(Thunb.) DC., 1830

0A715DD3-6354-5A6B-940F-D9BE9696F64E

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Chimaphila japonica

Miq., 1866

B736192B-5790-5D55-9D90-CE5D7D22B156

Distribution

Russian Far East to Bhutan, Japan to Taiwan

Pyrola japonica

Klenze ex Alef., 1856

A2DAD837-BC5E-52B8-BBA4-77E28B0FC340

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East Central China and Korea, Japan, Taiwan

Rhododendron brachycarpum

D.Don ex G.Don, 1834

CA911305-38AB-542D-B9D4-EC98757F09B4

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Rhododendron mucronulatum

Turcz., 1837

ED445FCF-10EA-5119-896B-E9236BFF6E90

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, West Central & South Japan

Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum

Nakai, 1917

9C4BE1C4-35C7-53E8-B029-6856EEB589AD

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, West Central & South Japan

Rhododendron schlippenbachii

Maxim., 1870

02BD8AB7-605A-5A88-B71C-93160F79E41C

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense

(H.Lév.) Sugim. ex T.Yamaz., 1996

4E690001-BF5E-587B-ACA8-40B93F956DD8

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Vaccinium bracteatum

Thunb., 1784

D7083B5A-685A-52B3-BB3A-9B715CF54BC8

Distribution

South China to South Central & South Japan and West Malaysia

Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum

(Nakai) Kitam., 1972

0745C54F-BA3C-5132-B476-E7E2A70D12CB

Distribution

China to Korea

Vaccinium oldhamii

Miq., 1866

20C79990-4937-5CCD-B664-DE641304F143

Distribution

East China, South Korea, Japan

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

L., 1753

ECD04CBF-8744-51D9-9879-C18E82C8A44D

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Ardisia japonica

(Thunb.) Blume, 1826

53C1FF8D-D097-5B80-834F-95E9B733D90E

Distribution

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Androsace umbellata

(Lour.) Merr., 1919

43B46441-D4D5-581B-A878-099B88876368

Distribution

North Pakistan to Russian Far East and Philippines (N. Luzon), NorthEast New Guinea

Lysimachia clethroides

Duby, 1844

ADB811B8-BC78-51B0-8EE0-E05C5379CC86

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Indo-China and Temperate East Asia

Primula jesoana

Miq., 1867

37CA1F39-8377-52BD-9E2D-95771B196CE1

Distribution

Primorye to East China and Korea, North & Central Japan

Diospyros lotus

L., 1753

CFCB7DA8-B058-5DB7-8EA0-9B800896FC9C

Distribution

NorthEast & South Central Türkiye to Korea

Styrax japonicus

Siebold & Zucc., 1837

198A0F8B-6CC4-5391-999D-164C094FA49C

Distribution

Nepal to Japan and North Philippines

Styrax obassia

Siebold & Zucc., 1839

EE6B380A-1BDE-595D-9517-822A5EBC0362

Distribution

East & SouthEast China to Korea, Japan

Symplocos sawafutagi

Nagam., 1993

52E7BE92-F6D2-527F-B415-7C5197559ABF

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Symplocos tanakana

Nakai, 1918

BA9684F2-AFDA-567B-9E1F-DF7EF8934376

Distribution

East China, South Korea, Japan

Forsythia saxatilis

(Nakai) Nakai, 1921

1B11A588-11B0-5B01-97C2-1006124586AD

Distribution

Korea

Fraxinus chiisanensis

Nakai, 1929

3B43EAD9-C783-55E4-9ECB-1D9E2F919DFE

Distribution

Korea

Fraxinus mandshurica

Rupr., 1857

89F4BF01-4019-5619-B771-53FC642C76FE

Distribution

Russian Far East to Central China, North & Central Japan

Fraxinus rhynchophylla

Hance, 1869

2F13F354-0235-54B3-8DD0-3DA01BE45AC8

Distribution

South Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Fraxinus sieboldiana

Blume, 1851

C8CF6035-3C0B-5E10-9F0E-D4ADA6327137

Distribution

SouthEast China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Ligustrum obtusifolium

Siebold & Zucc., 1846

C9B2FC5F-B903-597A-B0D0-64FAECF9D5BC

Distribution

East China to Korea, Japan

Ligustrum ovalifolium

Hassk., 1844

897BD209-CBEA-512D-AF2E-5017A430401D

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Syringa fauriei

H.Lév., 1910

1A013B4D-D08E-5804-AF3F-676E315E23EC

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Syringa pubescens Patula

(Palib.) M.C.Chang & X.L.Chen, 1990

F7B6EB36-2BF0-5A46-BFE4-E9130013798A

Distribution

North East China to Korea

Syringa reticulata

(Blume) H.Hara, 1941

BB3C1C42-9C12-538D-B83F-207159AADB74

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Syringa villosa wolfii

(C.K.Schneid.) Y.Chen & D.Y.Hong, 2007

B57D4419-375E-5C4A-A3F7-F2DB6E461524

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Mitrasacme pygmaea

R.Br., 1810

3A74AB5B-8283-5B09-ACBF-05A2974B57C8

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to West Pacific

Gentiana scabra

Bunge, 1836

6A8F2BC1-D875-559F-8357-70CB3C0C54D9

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Japan, Korea and East China

Gentiana squarrosa

Ledeb., 1812

CACFC793-0B16-510A-92E5-14B9F1C66F19

Distribution

Siberia to North Pakistan and Japan

Gentiana triflora var. japonica

(Kusn.) H.Hara, 1949

B3A9C853-EC5A-59C1-850A-168E7A5D2138

Distribution

Sakhalin to North & Central Japan, Korea

Gentiana zollingeri

Fawc., 1883

8B061BAB-B7DD-57B5-B566-7ED267C2F04C

Distribution

Russian Far East to Central China and Japan

Cynanchum ascyrifolium

(Franch. & Sav.) Matsum., 1912

44D9C6DE-B35C-59B3-A927-46D877F08BB3

Distribution

North & East China to Russian Far East and Japan

Cynanchum paniculatum

(Bunge) Kitag. ex H.Hara, 1948

65438F6B-65F6-5425-8231-2178121D1B7F

Distribution

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia and China

Cynanchum wilfordii

(Maxim.) Maxim. ex Hook.f., 1883

0639E9EB-A829-5EFF-9921-F4C11757654B

Distribution

Russian Far East to China, Central & South Japan

Metaplexis japonica

(Thunb.) Makino, 1903

64555DFC-4DDE-5AC4-ABAF-C00FF84D16D7

Distribution

China to Russian Far East Korea and Japan

Trachelospermum asiaticum

(Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai, 1922

E45A1FC0-8B4A-5D09-A274-CC8A3D687E48

Distribution

North India to Central & South Japan and Borneo

Tylophora floribunda

Miq., 1866

DBDDC2B0-9E2C-59BC-A243-412A60D97BBB

Distribution

East Central & SouthEast China to Central & South Japan

Asperula lasiantha

Nakai, 1938

03C829D7-A6DD-5566-A271-329C5584A285

Distribution

Korea

Galium bungei var. trachyspermum

(A.Gray) Cufod., 1940

DE6759B6-564B-52E3-9389-63C039382841

Distribution

Central & South China, Korea, Japan

Galium dahuricum

Turcz. ex Ledeb., 1844

9A06D24F-D397-5210-A467-880CBB41FACB

Distribution

South Siberia to Russian Far East and China

Galium gracilens

(A.Gray) Makino, 1903

92E0B700-7E3F-5033-8ADD-79A04F482760

Distribution

Central & South China, Korea, Japan

Galium maximowiczii

(Kom.) Pobed., 1970

82BAEC22-62B1-585A-BE8D-BE0E1EEEDE2A

Distribution

China to Russian Far East Korea and Japan

Galium odoratum

(L.) Scop., 1771

938A5DBD-516F-59F1-A2E0-ACB978E0E8E5

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Algeria

Galium pogonanthum

Franch. & Sav., 1878

B29B2119-754D-5FAF-8432-1C08BB0F0F4C

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Galium spurium var. echinospermum

(Wallr.) Klett & Richt., 1830

5D446EB8-0FA8-5466-9E4D-27C5CAF29CD9

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Galium tricornutum

Dandy, 1957

8B06CA91-6D91-5064-A13E-1549B2CA092B

Distribution

Europe to West Himalaya and Arabian Peninsula

Galium trifidum

L., 1753

14898C0D-2B09-5F87-8090-36BBD82284D6

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico, Hispaniola

Galium trifloriforme

Kom., 1901

B15B959D-6B01-52C6-8C45-90CE245E0649

Distribution

China (Qinghai) to Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Galium verum asiaticum

(Nakai) T.Yamaz., 1993

C06C8581-724B-57C4-BA7C-C818F5208350

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Paederia foetida

L., 1767

4EA62B6B-2236-5593-82C6-70D76133DB0E

Distribution

East Nepal to Korea, Japan and Malesia

Rubia argyi

(H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Hara, 1972

49C06799-6FB2-55B7-87E8-87C8E3D03B52

Distribution

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Rubia chinensis

Regel & Maack, 1861

5EC08FE9-46D2-5F53-904D-0C348B9ED2D4

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Rubia cordifolia

L., 1767

D2C09DAA-0432-5579-A362-BAC189B55F4F

Distribution

Greece, Sudan to South Africa, Asia

Calystegia hederacea

Wall., 1824

C8FFF68D-C5F6-5520-B74C-F16953222E1E

Distribution

Ethiopia, Afghanistan to Korea, Japan

Calystegia pubescens

Lindl., 1846

C450A7B8-D292-5FD6-931B-3745CA56301D

Distribution

Central & East China to Korea, Kuril Islands to Japan

Cuscuta australis

R.Br., 1810

E2614F50-5A33-535B-BD9D-B247C890AFEF

Distribution

Old World

Ipomoea nil

(L.) Roth, 1797

1E720AB4-4ECF-5289-9848-BB4ECDB6E226

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical America

Quamoclit coccinea

(L.) Moench, 1794

12552354-EDC5-504E-9ED2-96523BC7367B

Distribution

Central & East U.S.A

Bothriospermum zeylanicum

(J.Jacq.) Druce, 1917

901DD3B0-0D1A-52F5-ABEE-87FE15D6739E

Distribution

Central Asia to Japan and Philippines

Brachybotrys paridiformis

Maxim. ex Oliv., 1878

84A5FE40-DC29-55DA-8666-4FC19B54042A

Distribution

Primorye to Korea

Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Siebold & Zucc., 1846

6D4CE0AB-47D0-57B5-BB6B-322558D7A3A0

Distribution

East Siberia to Korea, Japan

Trigonotis peduncularis

(Trevis.) Benth. ex Hemsl., 1890

B4EC8434-390D-55A3-A04B-7C48A78333B9

Distribution

South European Russia to Temperate Asia

Callitriche palustris

L., 1753

E78FDE0D-DEF9-54A1-A4BC-5FE48B22080C

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to West Malesia

Callicarpa dichotoma

(Lour.) K.Koch, 1872

279131E2-02B8-5C7A-93BA-34FD85CF9D40

Distribution

Central & South Japan, Korea to Vietnam

Callicarpa japonica

Thunb., 1784

D6130C1B-E1EA-514D-A853-8A1B6E048DC7

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Clerodendrum trichotomum

Thunb., 1784

EB134273-6F61-5B1E-A9B6-E40046244788

Distribution

China, Temperate East Asia to North Philippines

Tripora divaricata

(Maxim.) P.D.Cantino, 1999

9847239A-A23D-5B0F-8611-916E05200746

Distribution

China to Korea, Japan

Agastache rugosa

(Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze, 1891

43286293-C746-5266-ADE4-7C1928F0FE9C

Distribution

Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum

(Kudô) H.Hara, 1936

EB072BC2-F077-56C6-AFC9-0FAD455C17FA

Distribution

Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Clinopodium micranthum

(Regel) H.Hara, 1940

5C1616B5-EE35-5D25-ADA7-282E424A08C2

Distribution

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Clinopodium multicaule

(Maxim.) Kuntze, 1891

1CBDB32D-A508-506D-B9A2-B2CA26ADDA78

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Clinopodium multicaule var. shibetchense

(H.Lév.) Melnikov, 2016

55B566FE-5713-5A39-8312-C64591B3B276

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Dracocephalum argunense

Fisch. ex Rchb., 1821

E0BE897F-1E5B-566C-BC1A-FC48E84317AE

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Korea, North & Central Japan

Elsholtzia ciliata

(Thunb.) Hyl., 1941

E9F67917-9A0A-5F78-B0C3-C76CAE62792E

Distribution

Temperate Asia to Peninsula Malaysia

Elsholtzia splendens

Nakai ex F.Maek., 1934

2CA4724F-6F2A-5094-9ED5-8CB772B30CAC

Distribution

China to Korea

Isodon excisus

(Maxim.) Kudô, 1929

77C4E96F-86A1-50CC-A78D-C0215DB54825

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Isodon inflexus

(Thunb.) Kudô, 1929

55A4957F-5C35-50EA-9E9B-AD8D015C1941

Distribution

China to Korea, Japan

Isodon japonicus

(Burm.f.) H.Hara, 1948

402DEDAB-24A8-5E49-99A9-81E12791B523

Distribution

Russian Far East to Central China and Japan

Isodon serra

(Maxim.) Kudô, 1929

EDD22911-A7E5-56F3-8218-8FB2C85E4A9B

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Taiwan

Lamium album Barbatum

(Siebold & Zucc.) Mennema, 1989

66FB9422-A530-512F-90FF-A4C3950B3E86

Distribution

Siberia to Japan and China

Lamium amplexicaule

L., 1753

F69A9AFA-EAB8-5933-8B67-6F5492881904

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Macaronesia to Ethiopia

Lamium purpureum

L., 1753

C08A7B24-2857-5697-9B58-3CA3614D8A27

Distribution

Macaronesia, Mediterranean, Europe to West Siberia

Leonurus japonicus

Houtt., 1778

3C55E16F-A181-52F7-89A0-76DC0D376BD0

Distribution

China to Russian Far East and North Australia

Leonurus macranthus

Maxim., 1859

A5F56189-5BC9-5EAE-B3AF-87BFFC690FA9

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Lycopus lucidus

Turcz. ex Benth., 1848

C59345CE-6C67-5167-AC64-3F42DFBE9672

Distribution

South & East Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Meehania urticifolia

(Miq.) Makino, 1899

55D7338F-2C87-5159-A7C5-564E64FF5237

Distribution

South Primorye to Korea, Central & South Japan

Mosla scabra

(Thunb.) C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li, 1974

3D65085E-B1D9-5686-B53A-18FCBE03A2F8

Distribution

China to Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Phlomis umbrosa

Turcz., 1840

47751708-9018-5B57-9FFE-F10DFBC16C08

Distribution

Central & East China to Korea

Prunella vulgaris Asiatica

(Nakai) H.Hara, 1948

605BD447-0D3D-5C3A-A113-9048219D5315

Distribution

East China to far East Asia and Alaska (Aleutian Islands)

Scutellaria baicalensis

Georgi, 1775

4609D00D-CB3A-545F-A0C2-EAD1D57E2C87

Distribution

South Siberia to North Korea and Vietnam The Royal Botanic Garden, Kew (2023)

Scutellaria indica

L., 1753

41CF6F22-6F36-5864-ACFC-93ACF9DB9C1D

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra

(Makino) H.Hara, 1948

B8953239-4B72-5DD4-A836-8BAD694A55FC

Distribution

SouthEast China to Korea, Japan

Scutellaria pekinensis var. ussuriensis

(Regel) Hand.-Mazz., 1939

98D72293-F6FD-5DBC-9BBD-4E80C47F1078

Distribution

Mongolia to Korea, North & Central Japan

Teucrium viscidum var. miquelianum

(Maxim.) H.Hara, 1937

9AAA1408-AEF2-5925-B3AC-9EEF36EFA82D

Distribution

South Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Physalis alkekengi

L., 1753

AA35546E-229C-55E6-9F17-B32F3C5840AF

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Solanum japonense

Nakai, 1923

0764170B-659E-5708-AB64-E0C5BCE645D7

Distribution

Himalaya to China and North Indo-China, Temperate East Asia, Central Sumatra

Solanum lyratum

Thunb., 1784

9522794F-47FB-5ECD-9A8B-3810DC9BEF38

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia and Indo-China

Solanum nigrum

L., 1753

2FB55DC1-00B2-579E-9776-ED8BAF2BE984

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Macaronesia, North & Northeast Tropical Africa

Mazus pumilus

(Burm.f.) Steenis, 1958

4478DD27-01A4-53CB-9AD5-D530DF57FFDC

Distribution

Asia

Mazus stachydifolius

(Turcz.) Maxim., 1875

88E10610-DF92-51F1-B986-FC0B1E20C0B6

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to China and Temperate East Asia

Melampyrum roseum

Maxim., 1859

60CEA77C-306E-572D-AC22-A7DABDC64A70

Distribution

Russian Far East to China, Japan to North Taiwan

Melampyrum roseum var. japonicum

Franch. & Sav., 1873

08670373-A27C-5CC3-8000-01B90CD8723B

Distribution

Russian Far East to China, Japan to North Taiwan

Melampyrum roseum var. ovalifolium

(Nakai) Nakai ex Beauverd, 1916

FC55CB20-0512-555B-AEB1-366FC8CE4CFD

Distribution

China (Zhejiang), Korea, West Japan

Melampyrum setaceum var. nakaianum

(Tuyama) T.Yamaz., 1954

6F261D34-FA9E-5F00-84E6-CE797BAC061E

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Paulownia coreana

Uyeki, 1925

CE177663-8946-5ABF-94BE-C2761584755B

Distribution

Central & East China, South Korea

Pedicularis resupinata

L., 1753

29A3FB2C-BA46-59FB-8B01-5999988D9251

Distribution

E. European Russia to Korea, Japan

Phtheirospermum japonicum

(Thunb.) Kanitz, 1878

3B05DDBE-1008-5A04-82CB-174F3BBE1E05

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Pseudolysimachion dauricum

(Steven) Holub, 1967

8D5BED94-6CF0-58D6-948B-8E82F45FDB0E

Distribution

South Siberia to Russian Far East and North & East Central China

Pseudolysimachion pyrethrinum

(Nakai) T.Yamaz., 1968

FACC6549-1914-5D52-99B9-4A3FD2212B81

Distribution

Korea

Veronica anagallis-aquatica

L., 1753

238BD856-7956-5C93-91B9-840EA52EB4B5

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia to Tropical Mountains

Veronica arvensis

L., 1753

D39884D6-2E56-5AC9-887A-11E54E792B32

Distribution

Macaronesia, NorthWest Africa, Europe to SouthWest Siberia and West Himalaya

Veronica persica

Poir., 1808

02767645-EC1B-5DED-B3D5-2620D74ECC0F

Distribution

Caucasus to North Iran

Justicia procumbens

L., 1753

4A5EF666-8004-50D0-8F9D-E8561209B4FC

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Central China

Strobilanthes oliganthus

Miq., 1865

DD26921E-7ADE-5F39-8B1B-368EC3A52CCE

Distribution

South Korea (Jeju island) & Japan

Phryma leptostachya var. oblongifolia

(Koidz.) Honda, 1936

EA981499-4F0C-543A-819A-1EA5F58B5960

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Plantago asiatica

L., 1753

199F867B-C8BC-50F7-8FC9-CB4F81E5FBD9

Distribution

Asia

Lonicera chrysantha

Turcz. ex Ledeb., 1844

5F851B9C-0EEF-5906-8876-2124FDAEC5B9

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to China and North Japan

Lonicera harae

Makino, 1914

F18E2D30-9771-5506-80C6-496657E155AC

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Lonicera japonica

Thunb., 1784

E445C01A-A789-5629-A661-21D1B508FC53

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Lonicera maackii

(Rupr.) Maxim., 1859

D4B12E9F-49C4-5777-B0E1-F8FCACDF2400

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Central Japan

Lonicera praeflorens

Batalin, 1892

A2881694-E538-5ED5-B251-6BFCDEA30FA2

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central Japan

Lonicera subhispida

Nakai, 1921

62D93AEE-1B7D-5915-ACE9-ADFC96F5CC1B

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North Korea

Lonicera subsessilis

Rehder, 1920

67E7DD94-7A7C-5844-97FF-C59FB0F5A465

Distribution

Korea

Lonicera vidalii

Franch. & Sav., 1877

90A8B59D-F5AD-591B-B554-15398851B2D4

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Sambucus racemosa Kamtschatica

(E.Wolf) Hultén, 1930

CE2EDE49-94C3-5606-B014-B20F4C9CB2BF

Distribution

Korea, Kamchatka to Japan

Sambucus williamsii

Hance, 1866

FAA69F36-57AC-5FE8-ADD9-0AB3B0BFDE8E

Distribution

South Siberia to China and South Korea, Japan

Viburnum carlesii

Hemsl., 1888

29025CB4-9365-5633-BB7C-AD43228A516D

Distribution

SouthEast China, Korea, West & South Japan

Viburnum dilatatum

Thunb., 1784

C1C56E53-8637-5B90-954A-A99DBA87D6C2

Distribution

Central & South China to Temperate East Asia

Viburnum erosum

Thunb., 1784

916473EB-D155-590B-B6DB-20F5F03C1FAA

Distribution

Central & South China to Korea, Central & South Japan, Taiwan

Viburnum opulus var. calvescens

(Rehder) H.Hara, 1956

5AC17F2C-5742-526E-8C23-AF10AC74CB23

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to China and North & Central Japan

Weigela florida

(Bunge) A.DC., 1839

5624089B-9C49-5079-AB80-26D4A7672051

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Korea, Japan

Weigela subsessilis

(Nakai) L.H.Bailey, 1929

BE7ACAE0-01F5-5810-AE28-EC4E79733945

Distribution

Korea

Zabelia biflora

(Turcz.) Makino ex Hisauti & H.Hara, 1954

A953F3D1-495B-5C7C-A301-FDAB3C57BA46

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East Central China and South Korea

Zabelia tyaihyonii

(Nakai) Hisauti & H.Hara, 1954

7340D257-66B9-5B7B-9A1F-BC4E5823D518

Distribution

Northeast China to Korea, Sakhalin

Patrinia rupestris

(Pall.) Dufr., 1811

2A4AEAB5-BEF0-583E-9379-61C2D51D93DE

Distribution

Siberia to Korea and China

Patrinia scabiosifolia

Fisch. ex Trevir., 1820

89063237-5FF2-5867-B273-8366AB53A617

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to Russian Far East and Vietnam, Japan

Patrinia villosa

(Thunb.) Dufr., 1811

3690B30A-6A72-560F-A307-2D28BF90F14B

Distribution

South China to Vietnam, Temperate East Asia

Valeriana fauriei

Briq., 1914

BAD9E69F-6865-597E-9C9F-BC310E1DB600

Distribution

Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Adenophora remotiflora

(Siebold & Zucc.) Miq., 1866

1F3C7EFC-47A5-5EFF-9C47-47F38B01282E

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Adenophora triphylla

(Thunb.) A.DC., 1830

828D03E7-B650-5CAC-85B7-CBED0B98AF0B

Distribution

South Siberia to Sakhalin and North Indo-China

Adenophora triphylla var. japonica

(Regel) H.Hara, 1951

64E0CF7E-175A-5E8D-BCA3-551FC4EB5983

Distribution

South Siberia to Sakhalin and North Indo-China

Asyneuma japonicum

(Miq.) Briq., 1931

043C86EB-3D32-52CB-9C71-13D3FB7EE060

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Campanula punctata

Lam., 1785

BBBA2995-914C-5FAA-9AB8-872ED5FFC628

Distribution

East Siberia to China and Japan

Codonopsis lanceolata

(Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Trautv., 1879

069100FC-4F6E-5102-84D0-D4286E8DEE60

Distribution

Russian Far East to China, Korea, Japan

Peracarpa carnosa

(Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson, 1857

B4709727-1DE2-5932-BA3D-9367E6928BA5

Distribution

Kamchatka to Tropical Asia

Platycodon grandiflorus

(Jacq.) A.DC., 1830

7B8232BF-5B6D-580A-9F3D-9E52C93DD2F8

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and China

Achillea alpina

L., 1753

2B542F84-DD36-52C6-A53D-F178EB318FFC

Distribution

Siberia to Japan and China

Adenocaulon himalaicum

Edgew., 1846

65B7903E-A815-501C-ACB0-BC12295BC60B

Distribution

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Japan

Ageratina altissima

(L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., 1970

4839EE1C-606C-5EFA-936B-321031B74D42

Distribution

East Canada to U.S.A.

Ainsliaea acerifolia

Sch.Bip., 1855

D14FEFD1-6452-5F67-A67C-D9F707957FAD

Distribution

NorthEast China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

L., 1753

579D5975-0AC3-5079-AD75-2E705B8E7474

Distribution

Subarctic America to U.S.A.

Ambrosia trifida

L., 1753

54C865F4-328B-5690-93EF-8F7B6CDACE94

Distribution

North America

Artemisia angustissima

Nakai, 1915

7ED80D3A-E2E1-53FE-99F5-3C1091F169AE

Distribution

China, Korea & Japan

Artemisia capillaris

Thunb., 1780

82630642-3575-548C-A6A3-53D1F95B1FA2

Distribution

Pakistan to Japan

Artemisia codonocephala

Diels, 1912

3AA6555A-EE91-5B5B-9A33-66FB4C676828

Distribution

East Europe to Russian Far East & China

Artemisia indica

Willd., 1803

86143C82-8351-5AAB-827C-09B67678D192

Distribution

Indian Subcontinent to Japan & Philippines

Artemisia japonica

Thunb., 1780

058C99FE-CF4B-5D01-B8B5-0C1CBE9EB14E

Distribution

Afghanistan to Russian Far East & Philippines

Artemisia keiskeana

Miq., 1866

46D63EC9-783C-537F-BB8B-A539F2B0FF0E

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Japan & North China

Artemisia lancea

Vaniot, 1903

0A2ECAAF-7139-5F6F-A9AA-4381EA2679C5

Distribution

Mongolia to Korea, Japan & China

Artemisia rubripes

Nakai, 1917

C278A255-9E02-5A04-8C0D-B11BD720E7D0

Distribution

East Europe, Mongolia to Japan & China

Artemisia sacrorum var. iwayomogi

(Kitam.) M.S.Park & G.Y.Chung, 2016

67C46FCB-2156-5410-AB83-D8C2A7BBEA44

Distribution

Central Asia to Russian Far East and Himalaya, Japan

Artemisia selengensis

Turcz. ex Besser, 1832

95106DE6-F72A-51E3-B126-8DF1FADEEFDF

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and Thailand

Artemisia stolonifera

(Maxim.) Kom., 1907

CECF5EAB-503B-53BB-866D-6E9D76C4884F

Distribution

Russian Far East to China

Aster ageratoides

Turcz., 1837

DD907A75-65C6-5744-962A-EF55ABD76A1D

Distribution

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Aster hispidus

Thunb., 1784

0A5A1398-0A4B-5375-B11D-37BE4FF716F3

Distribution

Mongolia to Korea, Japan and Vietnam

Aster incisus

Fisch., 1812

2403DD20-4D88-510F-A75E-A8DA339C77CE

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to Northeast China, Central & South Japan

Aster koraiensis

Nakai, 1909

40F70762-730B-59E8-BD13-0887E3D1A482

Distribution

Korea

Aster maackii

Regel, 1861

F40063C5-5EFD-5B3A-98C5-D60353B7C021

Distribution

Mongolia to Korea & Japan

Aster meyendorffii

(Regel & Maack) Voss, 1894

D3FB7441-C60A-5990-92F1-083D4E09AF24

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China and Japan

Aster scaber

Thunb., 1784

8DC05AFD-4238-50F4-9995-E766EE8E8EAB

Distribution

China to Russian Far East and Japan

Aster tataricus

L.f., 1782

59BEC875-581F-520D-B379-7207879BC300

Distribution

South Siberia to Korea, Japan

Aster yomena

(Kitam.) Honda, 1938

C539AEDA-2A28-5EA2-AA1F-852881F1E3CF

Distribution

South Korea, Central & South Japan

Atractylodes ovata

(Thunb.) DC., 1838

12EDF383-6C09-5AD3-A7BE-15258472F4CC

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Bidens bipinnata

L., 1753

F8292907-2AFB-5EEA-81C5-E96CD20D783B

Distribution

East Canada to Central & East U.S.A. and Arizona

Bidens biternata

(Lour.) Merr. & Sherff ex Sherff, 1929

AA36F945-F6CE-553E-B7E5-8CEAC3C540AF

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Bidens frondosa

L., 1753

C5F6964E-CFB7-52A1-9A55-E082D6C80D58

Distribution

Canada to U.S.A

Bidens parviflora

Willd., 1809

3E87933A-F2CF-5D60-8D7A-79B576BF7E25

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and China

Bidens tripartita

L., 1753

63DCCC16-5083-534E-AC8C-1D81E5E29BC3

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Carduus crispus

L., 1753

EB575DB0-90DD-5FCD-A101-22E6AFFE31BF

Distribution

Europe to Siberia and Caucasus

Carpesium abrotanoides

L., 1753

01BFAC09-5C55-5D9D-9ED8-9DE97B207D3A

Distribution

South & Central Europe to Japan and Himalaya

Carpesium cernuum

L., 1753

6351146B-63A1-5957-9201-E06B65F6DB65

Distribution

Eurasia

Carpesium divaricatum

Siebold & Zucc., 1846

93D4F220-4B73-5917-8087-DBF3BE9CEC00

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Carpesium macrocephalum

Franch. & Sav., 1878

3A73C710-260E-5107-A3EB-3AB4AB383050

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Japan

Chrysanthemum boreale

Makino, 1909

31F748D4-3FBA-5385-BB7E-9EEE09D2A642

Distribution

China to Korea, Japan

Cirsium japonicum var. maackii

(Maxim.) Matsum., 1912

C50FD996-6CE2-5A62-AF9F-59854E231213

Distribution

Russian Far East to Japan and Taiwan

Cirsium pendulum

Fisch. ex DC., 1838

85E81A65-E861-59C7-A189-A10C72A8DFD2

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and China

Cirsium setidens

(Dunn) Nakai, 1920

C5DFA28C-72E0-54B0-8A09-70494D4ED0D1

Distribution

Korea

Conyza canadensis

(L.) Cronquist, 1943

97650A51-B5E4-55FB-BC36-03601FA294AF

Distribution

New World

Crepidiastrum chelidoniifolium

(Makino) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

9BFCDB9D-7328-5B40-9E2A-A4FB254873FC

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan

Crepidiastrum denticulatum

(Houtt.) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

8765C2D2-4FF0-5702-B329-A8F064465CAB

Distribution

Vietnam to Russian Far East and Japan

Crepidiastrum sonchifolium

(Maxim.) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

5633CBBB-6DA3-5E20-B14B-DEAB58BAE9AF

Distribution

Mongolia to Russian Far East and North Indo-China

Dendranthema oreastrum

(Hance) Y.Ling, 1980

323D6D8B-8805-5568-8927-B6B0140E49F5

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & Central China and Korea

Dendranthema zawadskii

(Herbich) Tzvelev, 1961

A6D80CE2-3560-52F6-9989-DDFDAE122632

Distribution

Siberia to Korea, Japan & China

Dendranthema zawadskii var. latiloba

(Maxim.) Kitam., 1978

F01C88C8-3B17-5DFB-9438-04FFCCDDF572

Distribution

Russian Far East to Japan & China

Eclipta thermalis

Bunge, 1833

FE5904A8-D0C6-5B05-8668-9E3227A091CE

Distribution

Temperate & Subtropical America

Erechtites hieraciifolius

(L.) Raf. ex DC., 1838

CEE942AD-7990-5938-894A-30760821F694

Distribution

East Canada to Tropical & Subtropical America

Erigeron annuus

(L.) Desf., 1804

D9F237AF-9AFF-5F6C-9E2F-7795D7B08E70

Distribution

Canada to U.S.A., Nicaragua to Panama

Erigeron philadelphicus

L., 1753

DB84C075-CC5E-5B34-A48D-6A2305EF6AA6

Distribution

Subarctic America to U.S.A.

Erigeron strigosus

Muhl. ex Willd., 1803

630B93BC-D4CF-5FCA-9C5E-15DAC2DD397C

Distribution

Canada to U.S.A.

Eupatorium japonicum

Thunb., 1784

F2C56701-9CF8-5A71-8BFF-1242F35F5693

Distribution

China to Japan and Vietnam

Eupatorium lindleyanum

DC., 1836

5F3431E1-DA09-5777-9A69-4FE339E2E797

Distribution

Russian Far East to Japan and Indo-China, Philippines

Eupatorium makinoi var. oppositifolium

(Koidz.) Kawah. & Yahara, 1995

B5848A98-48E0-506C-94FD-88FB20AA7406

Distribution

Russian Far East to Vietnam & Temperate East Asia

Eupatorium tripartitum

(Makino) Murata & H.Koyama, 1982

60328EC8-C6AC-56F3-8D29-E9F7E97C62F1

Distribution

Russian Far East to Vietnam & Temperate East Asia

Galinsoga quadriradiata

Ruiz & Pav., 1798

FE06F662-6F8E-5899-934C-C0AA6B9F10DE

Distribution

Mexico to South Tropical America

Hemisteptia lyrata

(Bunge) Fisch. & C.A.Mey, 1836

DA2A43B7-6F33-5A96-9515-7325611E7EF4

Distribution

Northeast India to Japan & Indo-China, East Australia

Hieracium umbellatum

L., 1753

9F36BBF8-988B-54E3-8246-C4CB346CFBBF

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Ixeridium dentatum

(Thunb.) Tzvelev, 1964

B4E72C21-4AA0-50B3-9323-EFB6894D562A

Distribution

China to Korea, Kuril Islands & Japan

Ixeris stolonifera

A.Gray, 1858

76C3172D-A323-52C1-9862-01174F2167ED

Distribution

Temperate East Asia

Ixeris strigosa

(H.Lév. & Vaniot) J.H.Pak & Kawano, 1992

7F9A12A5-4A51-5511-8B30-06DC11FBFAE1

Distribution

South China to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Lactuca indica

L., 1771

31B17D2B-82A0-5E34-B02B-2AB62C451A62

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and Malesia

Lactuca indica var. laciniata

(Houtt.) H.Hara, 1952

6FBC9053-78E6-5AE3-A4BF-E86AE6AFCB37

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to Japan and Malaysia

Lactuca raddeana

Maxim., 1874

D7FAEDAB-166C-591C-B095-4DDC71B9EF3E

Distribution

Russian Far East to Japan and Vietnam

Lactuca triangulata

Maxim., 1859

7D1220BB-80D9-58AB-9705-A446393545B3

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China and Japan, Vietnam

Leibnitzia anandria

(L.) Nakai, 1937

EB50FDEA-3772-512E-A7B9-4F01E24C22B6

Distribution

Temperate Asia

Ligularia fischeri

(Ledeb.) Turcz., 1847

C71A7866-CD19-5FB0-9C29-19F0BCBC9E56

Distribution

NorthEast Pakistan to South Siberia, Korea and Japan

Parasenecio auriculatus var. matsumurana

(Nakai) M.Kim, 2 017

8D068625-34DA-5098-BA20-A5C3CB72321E

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China, Korea and North Japan, Aleutian Islands (Alaska)

Petasites japonicus

(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., 1866

C1F348DE-B4B0-50A0-9F27-F5EAD3845F93

Distribution

China to South Russian Far East and Central & South Japan

Pseudognaphalium affine

(D.Don) Anderb., 1991

4198AFA9-B1C9-54CC-BF49-34C336008B42

Distribution

Caucasus to Temperate East Asia and Indo-China

Rhynchospermum verticillatum

Reinw., 1828

D5015AA2-7FAC-5920-A44C-39B4F773D888

Distribution

Nepal to Korea, Japan and Indo-China, Java

Saussurea gracilis

Maxim., 1874

0FAE45D9-0267-541C-9845-8B51B5885C47

Distribution

Korea, Central & South Japan

Saussurea macrolepis

(Nakai) Kitam., 1933

3131438B-0FA3-5BAD-AFA7-362D939110F8

Distribution

Korea

Saussurea odontolepis

(Herder) Sch.Bip. ex Maxim., 1883

8EE55830-8B31-59BA-AFCB-3B9EE8A51751

Distribution

Mongolia to Russian Far East and North China

Saussurea pulchella

(Fisch.) Fisch. ex Colla, 1834

8404463A-7098-589A-A350-6F05F7F26BC7

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Japan and North China

Saussurea seoulensis

Nakai, 1911

DAC649FE-1E87-56C5-9D37-847DDC45D3CB

Distribution

Korea

Scorzonera albicaulis

Bunge, 1833

55ACBF63-2041-5833-B0E3-91928831F748

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Russian Far East and China

Senecio vulgaris

L., 1753

CADF0D10-F83D-59DD-9021-30B2BDF2A3B0

Distribution

Macaronesia, Europe to China and Arabian Peninsula

Sigesbeckia glabrescens

(Makino) Makino, 1917

778E8375-34FA-5389-A384-16BA6136C4EC

Distribution

South China to Japan

Sigesbeckia orientalis pubescens

(Makino) H.Koyama, 1995

5A8A30A7-86CB-5BCF-8CB3-23CF2AB8BC2B

Distribution

China to Korea, Japan

Solidago altissima

L., 1753

4392EE76-311E-5C07-AC67-187445B25345

Distribution

Canada to Mexico

Solidago gigantea

Aiton, 1789

E4FDB1EC-559A-57BC-AE4E-510F6C71327D

Distribution

Canada to North East Mexico

Solidago virgaurea asiatica

(Nakai ex H.Hara) Kitam. ex H.Hara, 1952

31142037-1A1B-5F92-AFA3-1637FBEEAA76

Distribution

North Pakistan to Russian Far East and Philippines, Alaska (Aleutian Islands)

Sonchus asper

(L.) Hill, 1769

25123350-8A87-5D73-AE2B-126CD8E7F1D8

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, North Africa to Sahel and Somalia

Sonchus oleraceus

L., 1753

461F3440-94F9-5A97-868B-1E19BC2A2DF6

Distribution

Macaronesia, Europe to Mediterranean, Sahara to Arabian Peninsula

Stemmacantha uniflora

(L.) Dittrich, 1984

6E78B920-94C0-59FC-8416-E2F14325D9F7

Distribution

South Siberia to Korea & Japan

Symphyotrichum pilosum

(Willd.) G.L.Nesom, 1995

C8740A95-CB04-5DC9-92AF-C9E1CB555C45

Distribution

East Canada to North Central & East U.S.A.

Syneilesis palmata

(Lam.) Maxim., 1874

3A10F667-6EBF-5C97-A10A-775FE857D3F4

Distribution

Korea, Central & South Japan

Synurus deltoides

(Aiton) Nakai, 1932

2A820527-795D-5DC0-8078-9E13420B83A2

Distribution

South Siberia to Central & South Japan and China

Tagetes minuta

L., 1753

72BE1633-95D5-57C4-83A5-D76E0BC12813

Distribution

Brazil to South America

Taraxacum officinale

F.H.Wigg., 1780

3B97B353-E8F1-5C30-B134-F108133EA94C

Distribution

Macaronesia, Europe to Siberia, North West Africa

Tephroseris flammea

(DC.) Holub, 1973

227F679C-067C-5033-B5CB-BA92651BCA77

Distribution

South Siberia to Japan and North China

Tephroseris kirilowii

(Turcz. ex DC.) Holub, 1977

995AF0D7-0DB8-59AE-A223-C835D4974421

Distribution

Siberia to Japan and China

Youngia japonica

(L.) DC., 1838

394D4692-680A-56F5-B7A4-9D6681FC35D9

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia

Potamogeton oxyphyllus

Miq., 1867

37286543-BCBC-591C-8040-D19DC6156D33

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North Sumatra

Allium macrostemon

Bunge, 1833

C9C98337-9C4D-5E3D-9ACA-2BDB0CADC09B

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Japan

Allium tuberosum

Rottler ex Spreng., 1825

C418E167-1A18-5E4F-B3B3-B4652F7E9F7D

Distribution

Himalaya to China

Allium thunbergii

G.Don, 1827

A30DF5B8-5F3E-5462-8A4B-7E87B9303E4E

Distribution

East Central China to Temperate East Asia

Asparagus cochinchinensis

(Lour.) Merr., 1919

04148194-6C30-589F-A113-C2CB4694A940

Distribution

Japan to Indo-China and Philippines

Asparagus oligoclonos

Maxim., 1859

3FBF6A9A-A378-56CD-8C91-9C531941A55B

Distribution

Mongolia to Korea & Japan

Asparagus schoberioides

Kunth, 1850

D0DB4191-91AB-5495-BAFF-5E80B1C57F28

Distribution

Southeast Siberia to Korea & Japan

Barnardia japonica

(Thunb.) Schult.f., 1829

6B19C0E8-8AE8-514F-B905-8073A558898D

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Convallaria keiskei

Miq., 1867

9A064448-E5BD-5F58-9F1D-0DDA7FD8B2E6

Distribution

SouthEast Siberia to Korea & Japan

Disporum smilacinum

A.Gray, 1857

3233B0DC-73D4-5654-B024-ECFB81E5BE00

Distribution

Sakhalin to China, Korea and Japan

Disporum uniflorum

Baker, 1875

B11283A0-5120-53FF-82A1-822B6E757D19

Distribution

China to Korea

Disporum viridescens

(Maxim.) Nakai, 1911

0EBE356E-ECAD-5CC3-9874-B3AB93F1C9CF

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, North & Central Japan

Erythronium japonicum

Decne., 1854

46D9EE25-342C-5C79-81C0-D60A770548A5

Distribution

Northeast China to Korea, South Sakhalin to Japan

Heloniopsis koreana

Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N.Tamura, 2004

098D34C4-DE06-5A19-B3F3-1320ED840463

Distribution

Korea

Hemerocallis dumortieri

C.Morren, 1834

B004BB7F-CF2B-51C6-AFA1-5882677E74FB

Distribution

China (Jilin) & Korea

Hemerocallis fulva

(L.) L., 1762

9FD197E9-DE9D-5B7C-97AB-084A1AF5E816

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Hemerocallis hakuunensis

Nakai, 1943

21EEA186-0DCF-5AD6-A0B1-F25E15C65F80

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Hosta capitata

(Koidz.) Nakai, 1930

A70DCC55-9BF1-51D9-BDC4-C8EAF82A30E4

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Hosta clausa

Nakai, 1930

71BE9C3C-2F4B-5104-9BA9-3EF4A7B66059

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Hosta longipes

(Franch. & Sav.) Matsum., 1894

84C67094-D4EB-548B-BCBF-76B2ADD612DC

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Hosta minor

(Baker) Nakai, 1911

1B8DF75F-1D57-50BD-9247-5223F3C3B2B1

Distribution

Korea

Lilium amabile

Palib., 1901

9D168BE5-0152-599E-BDC2-80BA794CC9A7

Distribution

China (SouthEast Liaoning) to Korea

Lilium callosum

Siebold & Zucc., 1835

AFF2D3B8-870E-5372-984E-4BED88D365D1

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China and Temperate East Asia

Lilium distichum

Nakai ex Kamib., 1915

9303FEE0-90D5-5983-979B-32076B18CD61

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Lilium lancifolium

Thunb., 1794

E84CCD30-3E66-521D-B828-21CAD93DEF17

Distribution

Russian Far East to Japan and Tibet

Lilium tsingtauense

Gilg, 1904

9048C372-106E-5967-B941-62F6D9426903

Distribution

China (Anhui, Shandong) to Korea

Liriope muscari

(Decne.) L.H.Bailey, 1929

94F1FD59-A902-5173-ACA9-684A5FF0A7A6

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Liriope spicata

(Thunb.) Lour., 1790

C10F4928-C549-5649-8281-FD82C8EE4452

Distribution

Korea, Central & South Japan to Cambodia

Maianthemum japonicum

(A.Gray) LaFrankie, 1986

1F73E792-84CB-5A17-BC4B-DA98B8364F0D

Distribution

Russia Far East to Central China, Korea & Japan

Ophiopogon japonicus

(A.Gray) LaFrankie, 1986

005E5C33-1598-5B16-B7B3-E4E46EC61D8C

Distribution

Central & South China to Vietnam, Temperate East Asia to Philippines

Paris verticillata

M.Bieb., 1819

031E10BA-00F1-5BE4-8D3A-8FC84447FA1E

Distribution

North Kazakhstan to Siberia, Korea and Japan

Polygonatum inflatum

Kom., 1901

10598B57-A28F-56FF-A99C-15E55DD56FF6

Distribution

Primorye to Korea, South Central & South Japan

Polygonatum involucratum

(Franch. & Sav.) Maxim., 1883

3C0FFAB4-728E-5C78-917C-13734373A12E

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Polygonatum lasianthum

Maxim., 1883

3A1F94A5-2FA9-53C6-8380-6A7FE7BEB8FD

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum

(Miq.) Ohwi, 1949

CBC0D08F-B0A6-5B02-82E7-33FF1B5D4E17

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Polygonatum thunbergii

C.Morren & Decne., 1834

172DE7B9-EA2C-5701-AC0B-ED3C54B40973

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Smilax china

L., 1753

2E2CC9A4-D214-5CFB-B252-0C20B1543007

Distribution

China to Japan and Philippines

Smilax nipponica

Miq., 1868

CD0E84D5-93A9-5F05-BFFA-847674C304B2

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Smilax riparia

A.DC., 1878

234C1CE8-D744-5AED-ADF6-77352AE79992

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Philippines

Smilax sieboldii

Miq., 1868

17AFA43F-DC3A-5A8B-87E1-7D715E11D8AF

Distribution

East China to Temperate East Asia

Smilax sieboldii f. inermis

(Nakai) H.Hara, 1958

0CF995A0-06F3-5707-BD19-365337F8FB26

Distribution

East China to Temperate East Asia

Trillium camschatcense

Ker Gawl., 1805

9CAE062A-1FB9-52C5-8B54-6FD4FDB6D21C

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea and North & North Central Japan

Tulipa edulis

(Miq.) Baker, 1874

2EEE2065-65E8-52A7-A4D4-BEDE84C492DF

Distribution

China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Veratrum maackii var. japonicum

(Baker) Shimizu, 1960

C11C04EF-598E-5D6A-8D41-F05730FE7089

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Veratrum oxysepalum

Turcz., 1840

4984C101-F5A2-532B-94B2-78CC97A27E97

Distribution

Siberia to Korea, West Alaska and Japan

Dioscorea japonica

Thunb., 1784

06E95A1F-1649-5E79-B232-9205E93BF1C2

Distribution

Assam to Korea & Japan

Dioscorea nipponica

Makino, 1891

B3109711-CA58-5BD9-B0A2-F0510E1B237C

Distribution

Central China to North & Central Japan

Dioscorea polystachya

Turcz., 1837

0E7F0E66-5328-57A6-9FE6-256504F734E5

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Central & South China, Korea and Kuril Islands, Taiwan

Dioscorea quinquelobata

Thunb., 1784

81898C0A-D659-5DD9-AB9B-772DA691A49C

Distribution

SouthEast China to Temperate East Asia

Dioscorea septemloba

Thunb., 1784

5EBA150E-B7CF-54D7-98DB-E3680CDC542F

Distribution

China to Korea, Central & South Japan

Dioscorea tokoro

Makino ex Miyabe, 1889

841AC065-5D27-5450-A852-0FF746CFFD3E

Distribution

China to Korea & Japan

Iris rossii

Baker, 1877

8A96CA76-7F6B-5A95-BF99-F609EC63588C

Distribution

NorthEast China (Liaoning) to Korea, SouthWest & South Japan

Iris sanguinea

Hornem., 1813

08DC1BB1-AB0A-5AFA-8CC8-874D3782A43D

Distribution

South Siberia to Korea & Japan

Juncus decipiens

(Buchenau) Nakai, 1928

4DF445C0-5620-54D1-BBAF-56DF5B7CFBA4

Distribution

Assam to Russian Far East and New Guinea

Juncus papillosus

Franch. & Sav., 1876

AC93709C-4C43-59E7-ABE6-4C17144FD8E3

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Juncus tenuis

Willd., 1799

1F3BC988-C21F-53A1-BB13-11D1FC4B1FFB

Distribution

East Canada to Mexico

Luzula capitata

(Miq. ex Franch. & Sav.) Kom., 1927

9E0F9D8D-A907-5BC8-8527-0C20C86F3F9A

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea & Japan

Luzula multiflora

(Ehrh.) Lej., 1811

02A1C484-D5A4-5B31-A2F3-3A66C6067DB1

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere, Costa Rica, Argentina to Falkland Islands

Luzula rufescens var. macrocarpa

Buchenau, 1906

95934191-8181-5F7A-9668-13E74C16D884

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Commelina communis

L., 1753

7F956CB7-AE5C-5659-9907-DDA217BD187D

Distribution

East Europe to Korea, Japan and Indo-China

Streptolirion volubile

Edgew., 1845

C2F903CD-52C8-56EC-9458-651A84429B58

Distribution

Himalaya to Primorye and Indo-China

Achnatherum pekinense

(Hance) Ohwi, 1953

361B917A-902E-5C2D-9632-276785539CAF

Distribution

North & Central China to Russian Far East and Japan

Agrostis clavata

Trin., 1821

852D3BAE-E30D-5C7F-B7D1-53CD1DEC4399

Distribution

North Europe to Temperate East Asia, New Guinea, Alaska to Yukon

Agrostis clavata var. nukabo

Ohwi, 1941

682D0928-0D6F-5A8B-884B-809918FAF6AE

Distribution

North Europe to Temperate East Asia, New Guinea, Alaska to Yukon

Alopecurus aequalis

Sobol., 1799

B1907DA7-BFE9-5D7A-AA8C-F6556CEA1538

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Andes

Arthraxon hispidus

(Thunb.) Makino, 1912

43B0F055-C5E9-5FC1-839D-9FF2987EF347

Distribution

Tropical Africa, West Indian Ocean, Asia to East Australia

Arundinella hirta

(Thunb.) Tanaka, 1925

646D310A-64BD-5D36-876D-A18C453B4483

Distribution

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia and North Indo-China

Arundinella hirta var. ciliata

(Thunb.) Koidz., 1925

7049DA42-5E8D-53F6-B087-C31D3D66FBC0

Distribution

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia and North Indo-China

Beckmannia syzigachne

(Steud.) Fernald, 1928

AE7331F7-FF1F-51D4-A49E-97C9836E258E

Distribution

European Russia to Russian Far East, Subarctic America to North & West U.S.A.

Bothriochloa ischaemum

(L.) Keng, 1936

CA6449CE-BF49-5969-8340-09DCD7095F9E

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, NorthWest Africa

Brachyelytrum japonicum

(Hack.) Matsum. ex Honda, 1930

55BDADF5-F148-5ABA-B7CA-9879BB85A32E

Distribution

Central & East China, South Korea (including Jeju-do), Central & South Japan

Bromus japonicus

Thunb., 1784

00BACFBA-EE41-5FFF-AD76-C5BD6A44E4D2

Distribution

Mediterranean to Temperate Eurasia

Calamagrostis arundinacea

(L.) Roth, 1788

F294C7AB-408D-560B-848E-8FED1D72D436

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, New Guinea

Calamagrostis purpurea

(Trin.) Trin., 1824

CE4D2E04-EDBD-5569-8FB1-0E7BA1AACF02

Distribution

Subarctic & Subalpine

Cleistogenes hackelii

(Honda) Honda, 1936

BA320127-5B04-5978-945C-044BA5A31DE4

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China, Korea and Japan

Cymbopogon goeringii

(Steud.) A.Camus, 1921

53AEDF90-70CB-5BAC-9302-62F3D06E4AE6

Distribution

Central & South China to Vietnam, Temperate East Asia

Dactylis glomerata

L., 1753

37E272B3-FC36-554F-86AE-29E1F624BAE0

Distribution

Macaronesia, Mediterranean to Temperate Eurasia

Diarrhena fauriei

(Hack.) Ohwi, 1941

32326DDF-6679-5A19-90E3-2197C6888506

Distribution

South Russian Far East to East China and Central Japan

Diarrhena japonica

Franch. & Sav., 1878

BDF862DF-D21F-592D-80C6-2EDF0807413C

Distribution

Northeast China, Korea (Jeju-do), Kuril Islands to Japan

Diarrhena mandshurica

Maxim., 1888

1E23FCDA-0976-51AE-B9C7-9712D4CA3CBF

Distribution

Russian Far East to North & East China

Digitaria ciliaris

(Retz.) Koeler, 1802

A0C7A9B6-49C5-5717-BA69-8CA51EC01F99

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Echinochloa crus-galli

(L.) P.Beauv., 1812

FDDA93B8-F8A7-5380-92CE-F69FC42E8C3C

Distribution

South & East Europe to Asia, West, East & South Tropical Africa to South Africa, Madagascar

Eleusine indica

(L.) Gaertn., 1788

7AED8B36-CE7B-5B22-884A-EAEA0E3D3A2A

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Elymus ciliaris

(Trin. ex Bunge) Tzvelev, 1972

72D38DA4-106C-5632-9A53-6A3D2FF49E10

Distribution

Assam to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Elymus tsukushiensis var. transiens

(Hack.) K.Osada, 1990

3F92EAEE-BBB8-5422-8573-D56E9C99CF53

Distribution

South Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Eragrostis ferruginea

(Thunb.) P.Beauv., 1812

0A1BA6AA-6C33-51D4-81F9-51D40AD77E21

Distribution

Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Eriochloa villosa

(Thunb.) Kunth, 1829

E34F7D0B-74E7-59E6-81DD-A42BB67EAAEB

Distribution

Russian Far East to Vietnam and Temperate East Asia

Festuca arundinacea

Schreb., 1771

11D0B14C-3E14-5998-9AA2-21E2FB8BD853

Distribution

Europe to Xinjiang and Himalaya, Macaronesia to North Africa

Festuca ovina

L., 1753

F4C0E22E-A94E-5283-B9E6-300702030337

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia, Alaska to West U.S.A.

Festuca parvigluma

Steud., 1854

42534DA1-FE9C-571C-A3EA-A43DE20BE8A3

Distribution

Nepal to Temperate East Asia

Festuca rubra

L., 1753

A4B5401D-0717-57B9-936E-1DB00460E1FA

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico

Hierochloe odorata

(L.) P.Beauv., 1812

69C0AF79-D38A-545A-9AB8-2A2E06CFCE21

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Hystrix longe-aristata

(Hack.) Honda, 1930

54B39BF2-B556-58A5-850D-351F6B943137

Distribution

West & Central Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Koeleria macrantha

(Ledeb.) Schult., 1824

30B6553B-D7B5-55D9-B6DC-A084E6498B8A

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico

Melica nutans

L., 1753

8D53B907-3C76-552D-8047-C448FECE9B01

Distribution

Temperate Eurasia

Melica onoei

Franch. & Sav., 1878

325BC96D-B92A-57CA-A968-F7499B8D4922

Distribution

Pakistan to China, Temperate East Asi

Melica scabrosa

Trin., 1833

051FCF18-B85D-553B-A8EA-266CAB8AD509

Distribution

Tibet to Mongolia and Korea

Microstegium vimineum

(Trin.) A.Camus, 1922

E98AC39D-AA13-58A4-819B-467EB3B01E39

Distribution

Himalaya to Japan and Jawa

Milium effusum

L., 1753

68E10BE6-7276-5F78-A30C-89FAC9376B62

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens

(Andersson) Matsum., 1895

F08384E7-E582-5BAF-A6F6-4C7B04098D60

Distribution

China to Malesia, Russian Far East to Temperate East Asia

Muhlenbergia hakonensis

(Hack. ex Matsum.) Makino, 1917

6F353B5B-EB50-5202-8F4F-9C87F8626C4C

Distribution

China (Sichuan, Anhui), Korea, South Central & South Japan

Muhlenbergia japonica

Steud., 1854

372BD959-44E9-586D-87D4-907BB7A46999

Distribution

China to Russian Far East and Japan

Oplismenus undulatifolius

(Ard.) P.Beauv., 1812

E134B19E-AB83-580D-BBAE-A3E4BEE5E60E

Distribution

South Central & South Europe to Iran, Cameroon, Ethiopia to South Africa, West Indian Ocean, Central & South China to Japan and Tropical Asia, East Australia

Panicum bisulcatum

Thunb., 1815

AA208F83-DCD3-5C2E-9305-40296C0335A5

Distribution

Assam to Russian Far East and Central Malesia

Paspalum thunbergii

Kunth, 1829

FC7A9E06-DD1A-52D5-9C61-21018BD2C5D6

Distribution

East Himalaya to Temperate East Asia

Pennisetum alopecuroides

(L.) Spreng., 1824

52CD9A89-9C26-5320-A084-6F43A18BD7A2

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia and West & Central Malesia, North West & East Australia

Phaenosperma globosum

Munro ex Benth., 1881

129150C5-54A8-55EB-83A2-0E97C346DDB0

Distribution

China to Assam, Temperate East Asia

Phalaris arundinacea

L., 1753

B0740CD2-4620-5C6E-8AC4-B478A33D6890

Distribution

Temperate & Subtropical Northern Hemisphere to Tropical Mountains

Phragmites australis

(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1841

A8D2DDD7-CD27-5F93-B871-26C6293D5FB3

Distribution

Temperate & Subtropical to Tropical Mountains

Phragmites japonicus

Steud., 1854

FE5C8189-7A53-5469-9548-A6E81DC842B0

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea & Japan

Poa acroleuca

Steud., 1854

E1B9B084-F6DE-5C11-84D1-711DEA8E4B48

Distribution

Tibet to Sakhalin and Temperate East Asia

Poa annua

L., 1753

605CCDE1-4C0B-5B64-A270-17D635114114

Distribution

Temperate Old World to Tropical Mountains

Poa hisauchii

Honda, 1928

43CF5271-0DB2-523C-98EA-A9C463824AED

Distribution

Primorye, China (Hebei, Zhejiang), South Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Poa matsumurae

Hack., 1899

75BF7D4B-2679-5239-A232-B6898C083506

Distribution

North Korea & Japan

Poa nemoralis

L., 1753

D8524702-57CE-527A-B580-C6BBD7B30A6F

Distribution

Subarctic & Temperate Northern Hemisphere, NorthWest Africa

Poa pratensis

L., 1753

67CEF79E-3188-5E4D-A2CD-310E8C60EDF0

Distribution

Subarctic to Temperate Northern Hemisphere and North Mexico

Poa sphondylodes

Trin., 1833

CE822FFD-320E-5BFB-A3E1-003A09540B1E

Distribution

South Siberia to Temperate East Asia

Poa viridula

Palib., 1902

7578BF0D-B6EF-5D2E-A35D-99D8C119FCE4

Distribution

Azores, Morocco, Temperate Eurasia

Sasa borealis

(Hack.) Makino & Shibata, 1901

D1B6F77C-CA57-5064-97B9-F1015B05EDCC

Distribution

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Sasa quelpaertensis

Nakai, 1933

54183617-AD8A-5781-B3A7-BFC74EA06351

Distribution

Korea, Sakhalin to Japan

Schizachyrium brevifolium

(Sw.) Nees ex Büse, 1854

389C4CD7-2F81-531D-942E-EF4DFC40EC80

Distribution

Tropics & Subtropics

Setaria faberi

R.A.W.Herrm., 1910

9FFD0589-F05D-5A0A-B0C0-E373FD6EB0F4

Distribution

West Siberia, Russian Far East to China, Temperate East Asia

Setaria pumila

(Poir.) Roem. & Schult., 1817

4779B20C-ABEF-5DBE-97EA-C609D25EA076

Distribution

Old World

Setaria viridis

(L.) P.Beauv., 1812

3157E5AF-22AC-55C1-9567-481E140EC2B6

Distribution

Old World to Central & SouthEast Australia

Sibirotrisetum bifidum

(Thunb.) Barberá, 2019

98FEC17E-3B27-5C8B-BF81-DFCA2EA40CAF

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia, New Guinea

Spodiopogon cotulifer

(Thunb.) Hack., 1889

E3434D1F-25ED-5B1E-8AE2-01DAB950890D

Distribution

West Himalaya, Assam to Central & South China, Temperate East Asia

Spodiopogon sibiricus

Trin., 1820

7EC5C8C8-2E60-5AB1-A9F1-6E7FF7B9A112

Distribution

Siberia to Japan and China

Sporobolus piliferus

(Trin.) Kunth, 1833

226F91D9-4B76-5D2A-A069-4194080CBE80

Distribution

Tropics & Subtropics

Themeda triandra

Forssk., 1775

3559890B-AB99-5CBF-86A8-3013C664A433

Distribution

Africa, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Australia

Vulpia myuros

(L.) C.C.Gmel., 1805

EEBF23BD-2199-5046-8BFE-93B9A4A26F38

Distribution

Europe to Korea, Taiwan and Sri Lanka, Macaronesia to Arabian Peninsula and North Tanzania

Zoysia japonica

Steud., 1854

926AD525-8E4D-5F87-A875-421AB2174E52

Distribution

South Russian Far East to East China and Temperate East Asia

Arisaema amurense

Maxim., 1859

7A10F12A-07E1-5A65-B766-0A9F1F04CADE

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Arisaema amurense f. serratum

(Nakai) Kitag., 1939

B3357208-CE47-51CE-9A7F-494B46FBC138

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea

Arisaema heterophyllum

Blume, 1836

8E7E9B48-59BF-5583-92D4-461B963C7308

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Arisaema ringens

(Thunb.) Schott, 1832

69D84622-2798-5AE4-9F68-615C3C7422E4

Distribution

East China (Zhoushan Islands), South Korea, Central Japan to Taiwan

Arisaema serratum

(Thunb.) Schott, 1832

FE148E70-656F-5078-BA17-1610C46497CA

Distribution

Primorye to Korea, South Kuril Islands to Japan

Arisaema thunbergii

Blume, 1836

803754B8-0E5D-5764-89E6-B655585311DC

Distribution

Temperate East Asia

Pinellia ternata

(Thunb.) Makino, 1901

F8FBCD8F-1544-5385-BDF7-4B4BD46F3280

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Typha angustifolia

L., 1753

85C467FA-D599-5D99-AC8F-AB9235247E63

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Carex accrescens

Ohwi, 1931

F5FA6B14-63D2-5E91-BF2A-62906D6CE716

Distribution

Siberia to Korea, North & North Central Japan

Carex aphanolepis

Franch. & Sav., 1878

36E7DAF3-27EF-5076-BA56-AB3BD41B984A

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China, Japan, Vietnam

Carex bostrychostigma

Maxim., 1886

26575BA2-F326-5118-B3A7-5C05D6CFADEB

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China, Central & South Japan

Carex breviculmis

R.Br., 1810

59499BF5-7CB2-59F9-A712-136D47A737A4

Distribution

India to South China and New Zealand

Carex brevispicula

G.H.Nam & G.Y.Chung, 2020

810680B6-08A4-5AFB-AE80-1949EAEE1977

Distribution

Korea

Carex ciliato-marginata

Nakai, 1914

B50ED2A9-4208-5EC5-8405-23DC45FC5515

Distribution

East China to Central & South Japan

Carex fernaldiana

H.Lév. & Vaniot, 1901

10B5C0BF-0196-5BF6-96CC-8BEBE4CCC634

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Carex filipes

Franch. & Sav., 1878

A3414FDE-5CC1-5966-AFD8-45E61C6C07E6

Distribution

South China to Korea & Japan

Carex filipes var. oligostachys

Kük., 1909

FF8FF9D8-143B-5BF7-B2D6-5505483391E8

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North China, Korea & Japan

Carex forficula

Franch. & Sav., 1878

13218991-AC19-5823-98CF-90018CE3A4D0

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China, Korea & Japan

Carex fusanensis

Ohwi, 1932

D87F3400-A6BA-504C-B822-79399EB0B8F1

Distribution

Korea

Carex gibba

Wahlenb., 1803

5C30B4C0-CC2B-50C0-9A79-C8B547C086BD

Distribution

Korea to Vietnam, Central & South Japan

Carex heterolepis

Bunge, 1833

93DCB2E7-41BB-5293-B441-B73E354F304F

Distribution

South Siberia to China, Korea & Japan

Carex humilis var. nana

(H.Lév. & Vaniot) Ohwi, 1936

AD0A6BE0-8858-583B-96B9-074E3C25F448

Distribution

Siberia to Korea & Japan

Carex japonica

Thunb., 1784

BA3278AF-D441-553E-B56F-C8B94D578505

Distribution

China to Korea, Sakhalin and Japan

Carex laevissima

Nakai, 1914

63281B4F-7016-5A53-97B3-C984329AA3E9

Distribution

South Siberia, South Russian Far East to Korea, Japan

Carex lanceolata

Boott, 1857

7FFFFDE2-72C0-5F4F-9ED0-8F55F1CAA7A7

Distribution

Siberia to Korea & Japan

Carex leiorhyncha

C.A.Mey., 1831

A7956EC0-5431-54EF-9868-DD4A15C302D5

Distribution

Siberia to North China & Korea

Carex lenta

D.Don, 1824

8CE37F69-F2C6-5170-896B-C9BC20DD4F2D

Distribution

Central & South Japan to Korea & Tropical Asia

Carex mira

Kük., 1905

3F881297-7295-517F-A663-B36722066352

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Carex neurocarpa

Maxim., 1859

29ED5172-F601-5F25-9EE8-A197D3348BEC

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China and Central Japan

Carex okamotoi

Ohwi, 1936

6E11613F-E483-5D89-8A5F-2CED21B8333D

Distribution

Korea

Carex onoei

Franch. & Sav., 1875

5A200686-611D-571A-9FCE-1902ECF58E02

Distribution

South Russian Far East to North & East China, North & Central Japan

Carex pediformis

C.A.Mey., 1831

85764CB3-0D5B-53F2-85EF-0ECE52C698F8

Distribution

East Europe to Korea

Carex pediformis var. pedunculata

Maxim., 1859

0A212EFC-31DC-5CF5-B4BD-632A9AD2ED8B

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea

Carex polyschoena

H.Lév. & Vaniot, 1903

CAA56CC8-DE94-5F28-A928-96C4E435ACC5

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China and Japan

Carex siderosticta

Hance, 1873

5AC213E7-D4FB-5F20-A744-FF2255A3AB7D

Distribution

Russian Far East to East China, Korea & Japan

Carex tristachya

Thunb., 1784

FCFE5FD7-2943-5FD4-BCA1-91C6510A0BA2

Distribution

South China to Temperate East Asia, Malesia to New Guinea

Carex ussuriensis

Kom., 1901

89A8EB77-120D-5F7D-9435-03188CCCA1CE

Distribution

Russian Far East to North China

Cyperus amuricus

Maxim., 1859

B35DEEA3-B5FB-5822-91AF-A14775B5BF3E

Distribution

Russian Far East to China and Temperate East Asia

Cyperus difformis

L., 1756

49D3961F-EAB7-5C42-80B6-712D16607060

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Old World

Cyperus iria

L., 1753

F2597201-6CA0-53BD-A651-122D52DFB097

Distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Old World to Central Asia

Cyperus microiria

Steud., 1854

C722107B-ADB5-5A0D-AE01-D23B6416AFE4

Distribution

Japan to Himalaya

Kyllinga brevifolia var. leiolepis

(Franch. & Sav.) H.Hara, 1938

87992BE4-FD2A-5AA3-B4C7-C906476B60D6

Distribution

Central Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Scirpus wichurae

Boeck., 1870

FDFB70EE-D3D9-5F5A-897D-A0335EB3EC46

Distribution

East Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Trichophorum polygamum

D.C.Son & K.S.Chang, 2019

8BD773D2-D7DA-51E2-A1D3-43C5C45E476C

Distribution

Korea

Zingiber mioga

(Thunb.) Roscoe, 1807

CA522945-3049-504A-8B62-479011847D46

Distribution

South China to South Central & South Japan

Calanthe discolor

Lindl., 1838

A44145A4-5B08-5465-BA75-3FC1BC667661

Distribution

South China to South Korea & Japan

Cephalanthera erecta

(Thunb.) Blume, 1859

4F4B4BF2-14AD-5F84-9A6C-AF289F5FA0FA

Distribution

Nepal to Temperate East Asia

Cephalanthera falcata

(Thunb.) Blume, 1859

E9407F1F-178E-5362-AA4B-67F98EC30A41

Distribution

South China, South Korea, Central & South Japan

Cephalanthera longibracteata

Blume, 1859

62CCB88D-088C-53F7-B738-0375890A729E

Distribution

Russian Far East to Korea, Japan, Laos

Cymbidium goeringii

(Rchb.f.) Rchb.f., 1852

6132E568-13FB-580E-A368-D1B5E6736F60

Distribution

Himalaya to Korea & Japan

Cyrtosia septentrionalis

(Rchb.f.) Garay, 1986

3C40AA05-AD85-52D6-A0C6-768446322AE6

Distribution

SouthEast China, South Korea, Japan to Taiwan

Gastrodia elata

Blume, 1856

8F344C4E-868F-5163-9C56-2CE2282E9A69

Distribution

Himalaya to Russian Far East and Temperate East Asia

Goodyera henryi

Rolfe, 1896

E58FF68C-F338-524D-A216-6A96364B684A

Distribution

Central Nepal, Central & South China to South Kuril Islands and Taiwan

Goodyera repens

(L.) R.Br., 1813

6EE0C369-A111-509B-8D96-0383C6B0A0D7

Distribution

Temperate Northern Hemisphere

Goodyera schlechtendaliana

Rchb.f., 1850

48E3DEC3-0D79-5A4A-BA7B-3536E96F0EB4

Distribution

Tibet to Korea, Japan and Sumatra

Hemipilia gracilis

(Blume) Y.Tang, H.Peng & T.Yukawa, 2015

76E691D3-5E2E-5BD7-8B87-06DE120C80AE

Distribution

China to Temperate East Asia

Liparis kumokiri

F.Maek., 1936

8E2F8AED-938D-56A7-A798-027EC2B482B3

Distribution

South Russian Far East to Korea, Central & South Japan

Liparis suzumushi

Tsusumi, T.Yukawa & M.Kato, 2019

30D98D73-D69F-5B21-B302-CE01371A2372

Distribution

Korea & Japan

Spiranthes sinensis

(Pers.) Ames, 1908

CAC4AAB6-8389-550C-8658-F9F760CBE081

Distribution

Assam to South Central Japan and New Caledonia

Analysis

Vascular flora of algific talus slopes in South Korea

Vascular plants of the 25 algific talus slopes distributed in South Korea included 1,052 taxa of 125 families, 486 genera, 947 species, 23 subsp., 75 var. and 7 f. (Suppl. materials 2, 3). Pteridophytes included a total of 77 taxa (7.3%) of 16 families, 35 genera, 74 species, 1 subsp., 2 var. and 2 f.; gymnosperms included a total of 14 taxa (1.3%) of 5 families, 9 genera, 14 species; angiosperms included a total of 771 taxa (73.3%) of 92 families, 352 genera, 682 species, 22 subsp., 62 var. and 5 f. for dicotyledons and a total of 190 taxa (18.1%) of 12 families, 90 genera, 177 species, 11 var. and 2 f. for monocotyledons. These accounted for approximately 22.27% of all vascular plants in South Korea (4,724 species) (Korea National Arboretum 2023). The plant family that showed the largest number of detected species was Asteraceae (96 taxa, 9.1%), followed by Poaceae (70 taxa, 6.7%), Rosaceae (65 taxa, 6.2%), Fabaceae (49 taxa, 4.7%), Liliaceae (44 taxa, 4.2%), Ranunculaceae (39 taxa, 3.7%) and Cyperaceae (36 taxa, 3.4%).

The most frequently detected species across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea was P.tricuspidata (n = 23), followed by F.rhynchophylla, L.obtusiloba and R.mucronulatum (n = 21); A.glandulosavar.brevipedunculata and P.tenuifolius (n = 20); U.davidianavar.japonica, A.arguta, C.japonica, L.maximowiczii, V.acuminata and O.undulatifolius. Magnoliophyta (n = 19); A.platanifoliumvar.trilobum, A.yokoscense, E.alatus, and D.crassirhizoma (n = 18); T.trichocarpum, S.suffruticosa, P.odoratumvar.pluriflorum, Z.schinifolium, Q.mongolica, A.pseudosieboldianum and R.crataegifolius (n = 17); 9 taxa, including C.lanceolata and A.ageratoides (n = 16); 11 taxa, including A.pictumvar.mono and A.scaber (n = 15); 11 taxa, including D.chinensis and C.heterophylla (n = 14); 15 taxa, including M.amurensis and V.collina (n = 13); 11 taxa, including Q.aliena, S.incisa and S.sawafutagi. (n = 12); 24 taxa, including A.reflexipinnum. and A.incisum (n = 11). In contrast, plants of 783 taxa were detected five or less times: 321 taxa, including C.ochotensisvar.raddeana and A.longecassidatum were detected once; 209 taxa, including P.aizoon and S.trichocarpa were detected twice; 112 taxa, inluding R.davurica and U.laciniata were detected three times; 75 taxa, including L.glauca and D.mandshurica were detected four times; B.chinensis and V.orientalis were detected five times.

Rare plants and Red list species

A total of 55 taxa (Suppl. material 4, Fig. 2) detected across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea were found to be rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service. Seven taxa were Critically Endangered (CR) species, including Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh., AspleniumtrichomanesL.subsp.quadrivalens D.E. Mey., Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, Paeoniaobovata Maxim., Vacciniumvitis-idaea L., Cyrtosiaseptentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay and Goodyerarepens (L.) R.Br. Ten taxa were Endangered (EN) species, including Zabeliatyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., Micranthesoctopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim, Deutziapaniculata Nakai, Rosakoreana Kom. and Sophorakoreensis Nakai. Fifteen taxa were Vulnerable (VU) species, including Adiantumpedatum L., Athyriumspinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Piceajezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, Illiciumanisatum L. and Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz. Twenty taxa were Least Concern (LC) species, including Lycopodiumannotinum L., Selaginellahelvetica (L.) Spring, Aristolochiamanshuriensis Kom., GentianatrifloraPall.var.japonica (Kusn.) H. Hara and Goodyeraschlechtendaliana Rchb.f. Three taxa were Data Deficient (DD) species, including Gymnocarpiumdryopteris (L.) Newman, Eleutherococcusdivaricatus(Siebold & Zucc.)S.Y. Huvar.chiisanensis (Nakai) C.H. Kim & B.-Y. Sun and Pseudolysimachionpyrethrinum (Nakai) T. Yamaz.

Figure 2. — Pictures showing rare plants and Red list on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

A total of 52 taxa (Suppl. material 4) detected across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea were found to be Red List species of vascular plants on the Korean Peninsula, accounting for 9.58% of the 543 taxa of Red List species in total. While there were no CR species, four taxa were EN species, including Piceajezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, Paeoniaobovata Maxim., Vacciniumvitis-idaea L. and Prunus×yedoensis Matsum., accounting for 4.7% of the total EN species; seven taxa were VU species, including Gymnocarpiumdryopteris (L.) Newman, Athyriumspinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics and Goodyerarepens (L.) R.Br., accounting for 7.3% of the total VU species; 14 taxa were Near Threatened (NT) species, including Lycopodiumannotinum L., Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh., Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz. and Rosakoreana Kom., accounting for 25% of the total NT species; 26 taxa were LC species, including AspleniumtrichomanesL.subsp.quadrivalens D.E.Mey., Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda and Tylophorafloribunda Miq., accounting for 27% of the total LC species; one taxon, Celtischoseniana Nakai, was a DD species, accounting for 2.5% of the total DD species.

The detection frequency of the 67 taxa of rare plants and Red List species was n = 9 for two taxa (2.94%): Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda and Syringareticulata (Blume) H.Hara, n = 5 for two taxa (2.94%): Spiraeachartacea Nakai and Rodgersiapodophylla A.Gray, n = 4 for two taxa (2.94%): Aristolochiamanshuriensis Kom. and Arisaemaheterophyllum Blume, n = 3 for six taxa (8.82%): Rosakoreana Kom., Actaeabifida (Nakai) J. Compton, Aristolochiacontorta Bunge, Violaalbida Palib., SyringavillosaVahlsubsp.wolfii (C.K. Schneid) Y. Chen & D.Y. Hong, and Polypodiumsibiricum Sipliv., n = 2 for 13 taxa (19.12%), including Forsythiasaxatilis (Nakai) Nakai and Berchemiaberchemiifolia (Makino) Koidz. and n = 1 for 42 taxa (63.24%), including Goodyerarepens (L.) R.Br., Calanthediscolor Lindl. and Aconitumbarbatum Patrin ex Pers.

Endangered wildlife

Endangered wildlife refers to those animal species designated for protection by the Ministry of Environment, based on the Wildlife Protection and Management Act for effective conservation (Korea Ministry of Envrionment 2023). The Act states that all prohibited provisions and responsibilities regarding endangered species and violation of the Act could result in a fine up to 50 million KRW or a prison sentence up to 7 years. The Act does not simply stipulate the prohibited provisions and respomsibilities, but also states the regulations regarding the duty of the government to ensure the protection and survival of endangered species. This encompasses the conservation of wildlife habitats, development of protection measures on endangered species, relevant feild study and research, designation of an institution for protection outside habitats and promotion of projects on the restoration of endangered species. Endangered wildlife is at risk of extinction in the near future, based on the markedly reduced population or a very low number of entities due to natural or artificial threats. Thus, these species are legally protected and managed through designation by the law. Currently, 60 taxa of Class I EN species and 207 taxa of Class II EN species have been designated for independent management. The proportion of vascular plants amongst them is 11 taxa of Class I species and 77 taxa of Class II species.

The endangered wildlife species detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of five taxa (Suppl. material 4): Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz., Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, Paeoniaobovata Maxim., Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Cyrtosiaseptentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay, all of which correspond to Class II EN species (Table 4). The location in which each of these species was detected was as follows: Gwangjeom-dong, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do (A-E-2) for Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz.; Unchi-ri, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do (A-C-2) for Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics; Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do (A-T-4) for Paeoniaobovata Maxim.; Jangyeol-ri, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do (A-T-5) and Binggye-ri, Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do (A-C-4) for Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl.; Seonheul-ri, Jeju-si, Jeju-do (A-V-1) for Cyrtosiaseptentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay.

Endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula

Among the vascular plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea, the endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula comprised 54 taxa (Suppl. material 5, Fig. 3), including Populus×tomentiglandulosa T.B. Lee, Salixkoriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz, Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz., Clematistrichotoma Nakai, Corydalismaculata B.U.Oh & Y.S.Kim, Micranthesoctopetala (Nakai) Y.I.Kim & Y.D.Kim, Sillaphytonpodagraria (H.Boissieu) Pimenov, Weigelasubsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey, Heloniopsiskoreana Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N.Tamura and Hemerocallishakuunensis Nakai, accounting for 12.53% of the 431 taxa of all the endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, the endemic species detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea comprised 44 taxa (Suppl. material 5), including Aconitumpseudolaeve Nakai, Clematisbrachyura Maxim. and ThalictrumactaeifoliumSiebold & Zucc.var.brevistylum Nakai, accounting for 11.70% of the 376 taxa of endemic species in total.

Figure 3. — Pictures showing endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

The detection frequency for the 58 taxa of endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula and endemic species across the 25 sites was the highest at n = 11 for Weigelasubsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey., followed by n = 9 for two taxa: Clematistrichotoma Nakai and Clematisurticifolia Nakai ex Kitag.; n = 7 for two taxa: VacciniumhirtumThunb.var.koreanum (Nakai) Kitam. and Hemerocallishakuunensis Nakai; n = 6 for two taxa: Asarummandshuricum(Maxim.)M.Kim & S. Sovar.seoulense (Nakai) M. Kim & S. and Lonicerasubsessilis Rehder; n = 5 for three taxa: Asperulalasiantha Nakai, Liliumamabile Palib. and Carexokamotoi Ohwi; n = 4 for three taxa: ThalictrumactaeifoliumSiebold & Zucc.var.brevistylum Nakai, Angelicareflexa B.Y. Lee and RhododendronyedoenseMaxim.f.poukhanense (H. Lév.) Sugim. ex T. Yamaz.; n = 3 for eight taxa, including Salixkoriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz and Aconitumpseudolaeve Nakai; n = 2 for 14 taxa, including Populus×tomentiglandulosa T.B. Lee and Broussonetia×hanjiana M. Kim; n = 1 for 24 taxa, including Pseudostellariacoreana (Nakai) Ohwi and Indigoferagrandiflora B.H. Choi & S.K. Cho.

Floristic target species

The floristic target species detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of 317 taxa (Suppl. material 6, Fig. 4), accounting for 21.48% of the 1,476 taxa of all floristic target species. For Degree V, 12 taxa were detected, including Thujakoraiensis Nakai and Tephroserisflammea (Turcz. ex DC.) Holub, accounting for 4.65% of the 258 taxa of all Degree V species. For Degree IV, 48 taxa were detected, including Microlepiastrigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl, Morusmongolica (Bureau) C.K. Schneid. and Caraganafruticosa (Pall.) Besser, accounting for 10.90% of the 440 taxa of all Degree IV species. For Degree III, 103 taxa were detected, including Lycopodiumobscurum L., Acerukurunduense Trautv. & C.A. Mey. and Hostaclausa Nakai, accounting for 27.76% of the 371 taxa of all Degree III species. For Degree II, 58 taxa were detected, including Huperziamiyoshiana (Makino) Ching, Pyrrosiapetiolosa (Christ) Ching and Hylotelephiumviviparum (Maxim.) H. Ohba, accounting for 28.02% of the 207 taxa of all Degree II species. For Degree I, 96 taxa were detected, including Polystichumovato-paleaceum(Kodama)Sa. Kuratavar.coraiense (Christ) Sa. Kurata, Clematispatens C.Morren & Decne. and Vacciniumoldhamii Miq., accounting for 48% of the 200 taxa of all Degree I species.

Figure 4. — Pictures showing floristic target plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

The detection frequency for the 317 taxa of floristic target species according to the respective degree was as follows. For the 12 taxa of Degree V species, the detection frequency was n = 5 for Asperulalasiantha Nakai; n = 2 for two taxa: Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Oplopanaxelatus (Nakai) Nakai; n = 1 for nine taxa, including Thujakoraiensis Nakai and Sophorakoreensis Nakai. For the 48 taxa of Degree IV species, the detection frequency was n = 5 for Ulmusmacrocarpa Hance and Rodgersiapodophylla A. Gray; n = 4 for DeutziagrandifloraBungevar.baroniana (Diels) Rehder; n = 3 for seven taxa, including Woodsiamacrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn and Anemonereflexa Steph. ex Willd.; n = 2 for 11 taxa, including Laporteacuspidata (Wedd.) Friis and Berberiskoreana Palib.; n = 1 for 27 taxa, including Athyriumiseanum Rosenst. and Phedimusmiddendorffianus (Maxim.) 't Hart. For the 103 taxa of Degree III species, the detection frequency was n = 11 for Betulaschmidtii Regel and Philadelphusschrenkii Rupr.; n = 10 for Betuladavurica Pall.; n = 9 for four taxa, including Dryopterisfragrans (L.) Schott and Sorbariasorbifolia(L.)A. Braunvar.stellipila Maxim.; n = 8 for Actinidiakolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim.; n = 7 for four taxa, including Urticaangustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem. and Spiraeachamaedryfolia L.; n = 6 for four taxa, including Actaeaasiatica H. Hara and Ribesmandshuricum (Maxim.) Kom.; n = 5 for two taxa: Betulachinensis Maxim. and Celtiskoraiensis Nakai; n = 4 for two taxa: Acerpalmatum Thunb. and Brachybotrysparidiformis Maxim. ex Oliv.; n = 3 for ten taxa, including Selaginellatamariscina (P. Beauv.) Spring and Ulmuslaciniata (Trautv.) Mayr; n = 2 for 18 taxa, including Abiesnephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim. and Zabeliabiflora (Turcz.) Makino; n = 1 for 55 taxa, including Dracocephalumargunense Fisch. ex Rchb. and Lycopodiumobscurum L. For the 58 taxa of Degree II species, the detection frequency was the highest at n = 16 for Schisandrachinensis (Turcz.) Baill., followed by n = 14 for Tiliaamurensis Rupr., n = 13 for Magnoliasieboldii K. Koch and Weigelaflorida (Bunge) A.DC., n = 9 for four taxa, including Pinuskoraiensis Siebold & Zucc. and Tripterygiumregelii Sprague & Takeda, n = 8 for Euonymuspauciflorus Maxim., n = 7 for Euonymusmacropterus Rupr., n = 6 for three taxa: Potentilladickinsii Franch. & Sav., Tiliamandshurica Rupr. & Maxim. and Lonicerasubsessilis Rehder, n = 5 for six taxa, including Polystichumbraunii (Spenn.) Fée and Phellodendronamurense Rupr., n = 4 for Aristolochiamanshuriensis Kom. and Rubiachinensis Regel & Maack, n = 3 for five taxa, including Crepidomanesminutum (Blume) K. Iwats. and Spiraeasalicifolia L., n = 2 for 16 taxa, including Osmundacinnamomea L. and Alnusjaponica (Thunb.) Steud. and n = 1 for 16 taxa, including Coniogrammeintermedia Hieron. and ViolatokubuchianaMakinovar.takedana (Makino) F. Maek. For the 96 taxa of Degree I species, the detection frequency was the highest across the 25 sites at n = 19 for UlmusdavidianaPlanch. ex DC.var.japonica (Rehder) Nakai; followed by n = 16 for Deutziaparviflora Bunge; n = 12 for Deutziaglabrata Kom.; n = 9 for Deutziauniflora Shirai and SyringapubescensTurcz.subsp.patula (Palib.) M.C. Chang & X.L. Chen; n = 8 for four taxa, including Juglansmandshurica Maxim. and Linderaerythrocarpa Makino; n = 7 for three taxa, including Pileajaponica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz., Clematispatens C.Morren & Decne. and Spiraeablumei G.Don; n = 6 for five taxa, including Hepaticaasiatica Nakai and Impatiensnoli-tangere L.; n = 5 for four taxa, including Ilexmacropoda Miq. and Carexokamotoi Ohwi; and n = 4 for nine taxa, including Hemipteleadavidii (Hance) Planch. and Linderaglauca (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume.

Northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula and 300 species threatened by climate change

From the 1,342 taxa of shared species between South Korea and Russia, Gantsetseg et al. (2020) compiled a list of northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula that includes 615 taxa after excluding 727 taxa that were distributed worldwide, inhabit marine ecosystems, are distributed mainly in temperate regions of East Asia or are cultivated or invasive alien plants. The northern lineage plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of 181 taxa (Suppl. material 7, Fig. 5), which accounted for 29.43% of all northern lineage plants. The 181 taxa included Gymnocarpiumdryopteris (L.) Newman, Dryopterisexpansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy and Eranthisstellata Maxim. In addition, among the 300 species of plants adaptable to climate change as reported in Korea National Arboretum (2010), 100 species of northern lineage plants comprised 39 taxa, including Clematisfusca Turcz., Aristolochiamanshuriensis Kom. and Spiraeatrichocarpa Nakai, whereas southern lineage plants comprised 21 taxa, including Ficuserecta Thunb. and Toxicodendronsylvestre (Siebold & Zucc.) Kuntze.

Figure 5. — Pictures showing northern lineage plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

The detection frequency for the 218 taxa of northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula and of northern and southern lineage plants among the 300 plants adaptable to climate change on the Korean Peninsula was the highest across the 25 sites at n = 21 for Rhododendronmucronulatum Turcz., followed by n = 20 for Philadelphustenuifolius Rupr. & Maxim.; n = 19 for Violaacuminata Ledeb.; n = 18 for Dryopteriscrassirhizoma Nakai; n = 17 for Rubuscrataegifolius Bunge; n = 16 for five taxa, including Sambucuswilliamsii Hance and Deutziaparviflora Bunge; n = 15 for two taxa, including Corydalisspeciosa Maxim. and Pinusdensiflora Siebold & Zucc.; n = 14 for Tiliaamurensis Rupr.; n = 13 for Melampyrumroseum Maxim., Maackiaamurensis Rupr.; and Vitisamurensis Rupr.; n = 12 for Pyrolajaponica Klenze ex Alef. and Deutziaglabrata Kom.; n = 11 for four taxa, including Betulaschmidtii Regel and Disporumsmilacinum A. Gray; and n = 10 for Aspleniumruprechtii Sa. Kurata and Betuladavurica Pall. Meanwhile, 73 taxa, including Asarummandshuricum (Maxim.) M. Kim & S. So were detected once and 41 taxa, including Ribesmaximowiczianum Kom. were detected twice.

Limestone area plants

According to Kim et al. (2021), the floristic inventory for vascular plants in limestone areas on the Korean Peninsula included 1,290 taxa and the distribution characteristics were analyzed for 102 taxa (Suppl. material 8, Fig. 6) of limestone area plants to categorize the Calciphilous Indicator Plant (CIP; 14 taxa), Superative Calciphilous Plant (SCP; 30 taxa) and Comparative Calciphilous plant (CCP; 58 taxa). The limestone area plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea included a total of 32 taxa, among which three taxa: Prunuschoreiana Nakai ex H.T.Im, Zabeliatyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H.Hara and Trichophorumpolygamum D.C.Son & K.S.Chang were CIP; six taxa, including Gymnocarpiumjessoense (Koidz.) Koidz., Morusmongolica (Bureau) C.K. Schneid., AstragaluspenduliflorusLam.var.dahuricus (DC.) X.Y. Zhu, Caraganafruticosa (Pall.) Besser and Carexussuriensis Kom. were SCP; 23 taxa, including Aspleniumtenuicaule Hayata, Polystichumcraspedosorum (Maxim.) Diels and Saussureaodontolepis (Herder) Sch.Bip. ex Maxim. were CCP.

Figure 6. — Pictures showing calciphilous plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

The detection frequency for the 32 taxa of limestone area plants was n = 6 for Spiraeachinensis Maxim.; n = 5 for Ulmusmacrocarpa Hance and Celtiskoraiensis Nakai; n = 3 for Actaeabifida (Nakai) J. Compton and Buxussinica(Rehder & E.H. Wilson)M.Chengvar.insularis (Nakai) M. Cheng; n = 2 for 13 taxa, including Spiraeatrichocarpa Nakai, Lithospermumerythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc. and Zabeliabiflora (Turcz.) Makino; n = 1 for 14 taxa, including Exochordaserratifolia S. Moore and Astermaackii Regel.

Alien plants, invasive alien plants and introduced disturbing plants

Alien plants that were intentionally or unintentionally, such as airports, introduced into South Korea and have grown wild (Korea National Arboretum 2019a). Seventy-five taxa (Suppl. material 9) of alien plants, including Rumexcrispus L., Amorphafruticosa L. and Bidensfrondosa L., were detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea. Categorization of the alien plants by life form showed 10 taxa of woody plants, including Ailanthusaltissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robiniapseudoacacia L., 26 taxa of annual plants, including Chenopodiumalbum L., Anthriscuscaucalis M. Bieb. and Tagetesminuta L., 12 taxa of biennial plants, including Lepidiumapetalum Willd. and Carduuscrispus L. and 27 taxa of perennial plants, including Barbareavulgaris W.T.Aiton, Trifoliumrepens L., Oxaliscorniculata L. and Erigeronphiladelphicus L.

Categorization of the alien plants by native habitat indicated one taxon, Trifoliumrepens L., from Africa; 10 taxa, including Rumexcrispus L. and Rumexobtusifolius L. from Europe, Africa and Asia; three taxa: Cerastiumglomeratum Thuill., Anthriscuscaucalis M.Bieb. and Solanumnigrum L., from Europe and Africa; four taxa, including AmaranthusblitumL.subsp.oleraceus (L.) Costea and Medicagosativa L. from Europe; 14 taxa, including Rumexacetosella L. and Dactylisglomerata L. from Europe and Asia; 13 taxa, including Ailanthusaltissima (Mill.) Swingle and Zingibermioga (Thunb.) Roscoe from Asia; 17 taxa, including Amaranthusretroflexus L. and Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L. from North America; two taxa: Ipomoeanil (L.) Roth and Tagetesminuta L., from South America; nine taxa, including Phytolaccaamericana L. and Ecliptathermalis Bunge from America; one taxon, Poapratensis L., from North America, Europe and Asia; and one taxon, Sicyosangulatus L. Magnoliophyta, from Noth America and Oceania (Suppl. material 9, Fig. 7).

Figure 7. — Pictures showing invasive alien plants on the algific talus slope in South Korea.

The alien plants were categorized into archaeophytes, potentially invasive plants and invasive alien plants according to time of invasion and settlement, whereas potentially invasive plants were divided into concerned alien plants and uncertain plants. Invasive alien plants were divided into casual alien plants and naturalized plants (Korea National Arboretum 2019a). Eleven taxa of archaeophytes were considered potentially invasive plants, including Thlaspiarvense L., Oxaliscorniculata L. and AmaranthusblitumL.subsp.oleraceus (L.) Costea; concerned alien plants were six taxa, including Pinusrigida Mill. and Styphnolobiumjaponicum (L.) Schott; uncertain plants were four taxa, including Lepidiumapetalum Willd. and Scutellariabaicalensis Georgi. For invasive alien plants, one taxon, Veronicaanagallis-aquatica L., was a casual alien plant and 53 taxa, including Euphorbiamaculata L., Veronicapersica Poir. and Conyzacanadensis (L.) Cronquist, were naturalized plants.

According to Kang et al. (2020), distribution data on invasive alien plants were used to categorisze the distribution into five levels: widespread (WS) species, serious spread (SS) species, concerned spread (CS) species, minor spread (MS) species and potential spread (PS) species. Among the 53 taxa of invasive alien plants detected at 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea, the WS species were 19 taxa, including Chenopodiumficifolium Sm., Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L. and Erechtiteshieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC.; SS species were nine taxa, including Trifoliumpratense L. and Seneciovulgaris L.; CS species were seven taxa, including Euphorbiahypericifolia L. and Solidagogigantea Aiton; MS species were 11 taxa, including Erigeronstrigosus Muhl. ex Willd. and Vulpiamyuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.; PS species were eight taxa, including Violasororia Willd. and Lamiumpurpureum L.

In this study, the NI, calculated as = (number of alien plants / total number of detected plants) × 100, was 7.13% and the UI, calculated as = (number of alien plants detected in the study site / number of alien plants inhabiting the Korean Peninsula) × 100, was 12.12%. According to Kim et al. (2000), an NI ≥ 4% for a forest indicates disturbance. Thus, the 25 sites of algific talus slopes in South Korea investigated in this study appear to be at an initial stage of disturbance. Meanwhile, preventive measures on potential spread should be implemented due to the high accessibility of sites which are in close proximity to roads.

The detection frequency for the 75 taxa of alien plants was highest at n = 13 for Erigeronannuus (L.) Pers., thereby exhibiting the widest level of distribution. The detection frequency was n = 11 for Oenotherabiennis L.; n = 9 for Taraxacumofficinale F.H.Wigg.; n = 7 for four taxa, including Bidensfrondosa L. and Galinsogaquadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.; n = 6 for four taxa, including Robiniapseudoacacia L. and Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L.; n = 5 for four taxa, including Barbareavulgaris W.T.Aiton and Conyzacanadensis (L.) Cronquist; n = 4 for five taxa, including Symphyotrichumpilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom and Chenopodiumficifolium Sm.; n = 3 for 10 taxa, including Seneciovulgaris L. and Euphorbiahypericifolia L.; n = 2 for 16 taxa, including Festucaarundinacea Schreb. and Amaranthuspatulus Bertol.; n = 1 for 29 taxa, including Quamoclitcoccinea (L.) Moench and Ageratinaaltissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob.

The introduced disturbing plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea were eight taxa: Humulusscandens (Lour.) Merr., Rumexacetosella L., Sicyosangulatus L., Ageratinaaltissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L., Ambrosiatrifida L., Solidagoaltissima L. and Symphyotrichumpilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom. The detection frequency was n = 9 for Humulusscandens (Lour.) Merr., followed by n = 6 for Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L., n = 4 for Symphyotrichumpilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom, n = 3 for Ambrosiatrifida L., n = 2 for Rumexacetosella L. and n = 1 for Sicyosangulatus L., Ageratinaaltissima (L.) R.M. King & H.Rob. and Solidagoaltissima L.

Flora of the algific talus slope by type

The flora by type across the algific talus slope sites in South Korea was as follows (Suppl. material 10): 804 taxa of 114 families, 394 genera, 722 species, 18 subsp., 59 var. and 5 f. for 14 sites of type talus; 701 taxa of 107 families, 361 genera, 623 species, 18 subsp., 53 var. and 7 f. for four sites of type cave; 306 taxa of 82 families, 173 genera, 274 species, 5 subsp., 25 var. and 2 f. for four sites of type dent; 80 taxa of 44 families, 68 genera, 77 species, 1 subsp. and 2 var. for one site of type vertical cave; 173 taxa of 72 families, 129 genera, 152 species, 5 subsp., 14 var. and 2 f. for two sites of type others. Each type accounted for 76.43%, 66.63%, 29.09%, 7.60% and 16.44%, respectively, of the 1,052 taxa of detected plants in total.

Notable plants were analyzed for each type of algific talus slope. First, analysis was based on the class of rare plants above or equal to VU species, as designated by the Korea Forest Service. The six taxa of CR species included three taxa, Paeoniaobovata Maxim., Vacciniumvitis-idaea L. and Goodyerarepens (L.) R.Br., for the type talus; three taxa, Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh., AspleniumtrichomanesL.subsp.quadrivalens D.E. Mey. and Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, for the type cave; one taxon, Cyrtosiaseptentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay, for the type vertical cave; and none for the types dent and others. The 11 taxa of EN species included nine taxa, Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., Sophorakoreensis Nakai etc., for the type talus; four taxa, Rosakoreana Kom., Dracocephalumargunense Fisch. ex Link etc., for the type cave; three taxa, Micranthesoctopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim, Deutziapaniculata Nakai and Oplopanaxelatus (Nakai) Nakai, for the type dent; and none for the types vertical cave and others. The 15 taxa of VU species included five taxa, Adiantumpedatum L., Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda etc., for the type talus; seven taxa, Athyriumspinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Scorzoneraalbicaulis Bunge etc., for the type cave; five taxa, Piceajezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda etc., for the type dent; two taxa, Illiciumanisatum L. and Calanthediscolor Lindl., for the type vertical cave; and one taxon, Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz., for the type others. Regarding the NT species of Red list species of vascular plants, the four taxa of EN species included two taxa, Paeoniaobovata Maxim. and Vacciniumvitis-idaea L., for the type talus; one taxon, Prunus×yedoensis Matsum., for the type cave; and one taxon, Piceajezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, for the type dent. The eight taxa of VU species included six taxa, Gymnocarpiumdryopteris (L.) Newman, Zabeliatyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, for the type talus; three taxa, Athyriumspinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics and Spiraeachartacea Nakai, for the type cave; and three taxa, Gymnocarpiumdryopteris (L.) Newman, Spiraeachartacea Nakai and Oplopanaxelatus (Nakai) Nakai, for the type dent. Further, the 14 taxa of NT species included eight taxa, Aconitumbarbatum Patrin ex Pers., Prunuschoreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im etc., for the type talus; four taxa, Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh., Rosakoreana Kom. etc., for the type cave; three taxa, Lycopodiumannotinum L., Thujakoraiensis Nakai and Deutziapaniculata Nakai, for the type dent; two taxa, Cyrtosiaseptentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay and Goodyerahenryi Rolfe, for the type vertical cave; and one taxon, Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz., for the type others.

Analysis of the endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula and the endemic species across the 25 algific talus slopes by type indicated that the type talus had 45 taxa, including Aconitumpseudolaeve Nakai and Angelicareflexa B.Y. Lee; the type cave had 26 taxa, including Clematistrichotoma Nakai and Asarumchungbuensis (C.S. Yook & J.G. Kim) B.U.Oh; the type dent had 21 taxa, including Asarummandshuricum(Maxim.)M.Kim & S. Sovar.seoulense (Nakai) M. Kim & S. So and Stewartiakoreana Nakai ex Rehder; the type vertical cave had one taxon, Sasaquelpaertensis Nakai; the type others had six taxa, including Hostaminor (Baker) Nakai and ThalictrumactaeifoliumSiebold & Zucc.var.brevistylum Nakai. In addition, when the analysis was based on the degree of floristic target species above or equal to III, the 163 taxa included 98 taxa, Actinidiakolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim., Cephalantherafalcata (Thunb.) Blume etc., for the type talus; 67 taxa, Woodsiamacrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn, Catolobuspendulus (L.) Al-Shehbaz etc., for the type cave; 44 taxa, Lycopodiumobscurum L., Aruncusdioicus (Walter) Fernald etc., for the type dent; 24 taxa, Coniogrammejaponica (Thunb.) Diels, Actinodaphnelancifolia (Blume) Meisn. etc., for the type vertical cave; and eight taxa, Lepisorusonoei (Franch. & Sav.) Ching, Vacciniumbracteatum Thunb. etc., for the type others.

Analysis of the alien plants and invasive alien plants detected on the 25 algific talus slopes by type indicated that, for the 75 taxa of alien plants, the type talus had 48 taxa, including Phytolaccaamericana L. and Erigeronannuus (L.) Pers.; the type cave had 62 taxa, including Medicagosativa L. and Euphorbiahypericifolia L.; the type dent had four taxa, including Chenopodiumficifolium Sm.; the type vertical cave had one taxon, Zingibermioga (Thunb.) Roscoe; and the type others had no alien plant. Next, for the 54 taxa of invasive alien plants, the type talus had 34 taxa, type cave had 45 taxa, type dent had four taxa and type vertical cave had one taxon. Categorization based on the level of distribution revealed that the 35 taxa at the type talus included 17 taxa, Rumexacetosella L. etc., for the WS species; seven taxa, Euphorbiamaculata L. etc., for the SS species; four taxa, Amaranthuspatulus Bertol. etc. for the CS species; six taxa, Melilotusalbus Medik. etc., for the MS species; one taxon, Erigeronphiladelphicus L., for the PS species. The 45 taxa at the type cave included 18 taxa, Rumexcrispus L. etc., for the WS species; seven taxa, Trifoliumpratense L. etc., for the SS species; five taxa, Chenopodiumalbum L. etc., for the CS species; nine taxa, Sicyosangulatus L. etc., for the MS species; and six taxa, Anthriscuscaucalis M.Bieb., etc., for the PS species. The four taxa at the type dent included one taxon, Chenopodiumficifolium Sm., for the WS species; none for the SS and CS species; one taxon, Barbareavulgaris W.T. Aiton, for the MS species; two taxa, Anthriscuscaucalis M. Bieb. and Ageratinaaltissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., for the PS species. The one taxon at the type vertical cave was Zingibermioga (Thunb.) Roscoe, which is a PS species.

Floral distribution on the algific talus slopes by region

Across the 25 algific talus slopes in South Korea, the flora by region was as follows (Suppl. material 11): 431 taxa of 87 families, 256 genera, 377 species, 13 subsp., 36 var. and 5 f. for Unchi-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-C-2); 361 taxa of 81 families, 232 genera, 326 species, 9 subsp., 24 var. and 2 f. for Binggye-ri, Uiseong-gun (A-C-4); 331 taxa of 84 families, 203 genera, 295 species, 6 subsp., 28 var. and 2 f. for Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-4); 298 taxa of 76 families, 176 genera, 267 species, 5 subsp., 23 var. and 3 f. for Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2) and 298 taxa of 80 families, 207 genera, 260 species, 12 subsp., 24 var. and 2 f. for Naeryong-ri, Cheongsong-gun (A-T-13); and 281 taxa of 86 families, 204 genera, 241 species, 11 subsp., 26 var. and 3 f. for Boopyeong-ri, Inje-gun (A-T-7).

Notable plants were analyzed for each region. On the algific talus slope in Seongdong-ri, Pocheon-si (A-T-1), one taxon, Gastrodiaelata Blume, was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. Three taxa, Clematisbrachyura Maxim., Asarummisandrum B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim and Indigoferagrandiflora B.H. Choi & S.K. Cho, were endemic plants of the Korean peninsula. Five taxa, including Ulmusmacrocarpa Hance and Sorbariasorbifolia(L.)A. Braunvar.stellipila Maxim. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Seven taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which four were WS species, including Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L.; one was an SS species, Symphyotrichumpilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom, two were MS species, Cerastiumglomeratum Thuill. and Ambrosiatrifida L. and there were no CD or PS species. On the algific talus slope in Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2), one taxon, Vacciniumvitis-idaea L., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, two taxa, Prunuschoreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im and Rosakoreana Kom., were EN species and two taxa, Actaeabifida (Nakai) J.Compton and Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, were VU species. One taxon, Vacciniumvitis-idaea L., was an EN species of the Red list and three taxa, including Prunuschoreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im, were NT species. Sixteen taxa, including VacciniumhirtumThunb.var.koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Thirty taxa, including Ulmuslaciniata (Trautv.) Mayr, were floristic target species of degree III or above. Eleven taxa, including Solanumnigrum L., were alien plants and six taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which four were WS species, including Bidensfrondosa L., one was a CS species, Amaranthuspatulus Bertol. and one was a PS species, Erigeronphiladelphicus L. On the algific talus slope in Shinghi-ri, Pyeongchang-gun (A-T-3), two taxa, Rosakoreana Kom. and Oplopanaxelatus (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Adiantumpedatum L., was a VU species. One taxon, Oplopanaxelatus (Nakai) Nakai, was a VU species of the Red list and two taxa, Rosakoreana Kom. and Paeonialactiflora Pall., were NT species. Nine taxa, including Viciachosenensis Ohwi were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Thirty-six taxa, including Actaeaasiatica H. Hara were floristic target species of degree III or above. Six taxa, including Oxaliscorniculata L. were alien plants and four taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which three were WS species, including Taraxacumofficinale F.H. Wigg. and one was an SS species: Carduuscrispus L.

On the algific talus slope in Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-4), one taxon, Paeoniaobovata Maxim., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, two taxa, Prunuschoreiana Nakai ex H.T.Im and Forsythiasaxatilis (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species and two taxa, Actaeabifida (Nakai) J.Compton and Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, were VU species. One taxon, Paeoniaobovata Maxim., was an EN species of the Red list, three taxa, including Gymnocarpiumdryopteris (L.) Newman were VU species and three taxa, including Aconitumbarbatum Patrin ex Pers. were NT species. Twenty-one taxa, including Liliumamabile Palib. were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Thirty-eight taxa, including Zabeliabiflora (Turcz.) Makino, were floristic target species of degree III or above. Nineteen taxa, including Galiumtricornutum Dandy were alien plants. Thirteen taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which eight were WS species, including Trifoliumrepens L.; two were SS species, including Symphyotrichumpilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom and Carduuscrispus L., two were MS species, including Barbareavulgaris W.T. Aiton and Melilotusalbus Medik. and one was a PS species, Erigeronphiladelphicus L. (Lee et al. 2022b). On the algific talus slope in Jangyeol-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-5), two taxa, Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Zabeliatyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, were EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service. Two taxa, Spiraeachartacea Nakai and Zabeliatyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara, were VU species of the Red list and one taxon, Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., was an NT species. Four taxa, including Weigelasubsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey were endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula. Fifteen taxa, including Caraganafruticosa (Pall.) Besser were floristic target species of degree III or above. Eleven taxa, including Conyzacanadensis (L.) Cronquist were alien plants and six taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which five were WS species, including Galinsogaquadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. and Trifoliumpratense L. was an SS species. On the algific talus slope in Bongoh-ri, Hwacheon-gun (A-T-6), one taxon, Goodyerarepens (L.) R.Br., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and a VU species of the Red list. One taxon, Clematistrichotoma Nakai, was an endemic plant on the Korean Peninsula. Seven taxa, including Sorbariasorbifolia(L.) A. Braunvar.stellipila Maxim. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Invasive alien plants included one taxon, Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L., a WS species and one taxon, Symphyotrichumpilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom, an SS species. On the algific talus slope in Boopyeong-ri, Inje-gun (A-T-7), one taxon, Sophorakoreensis Nakai, was an EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, as a VU species. One taxon, Sophorakoreensis Nakai, was an NT species of the Red list. Five taxa, including Pseudostellariacoreana (Nakai) Ohwi were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Fifteen taxa, including DeutziagrandifloraBungevar.baroniana (Diels) Rehder were floristic target species of degree III or above. Nineteen taxa, including Seneciovulgaris L. were alien plants and fourteen taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which ten were WS species, including Dactylisglomerata L., three were SS species, including Sonchusoleraceus L. and one was an MS species, Ambrosiatrifida L.

On the algific talus slope in Gaeahn-ri, Boeun-gun (A-T-8), there was no rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service or Red list species. Two taxa, ThalictrumactaeifoliumSiebold & Zucc.var.brevistylum Nakai and Lonicerasubsessilis Rehder, were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. One taxon, Woodsiamacrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn, was a floristic target species of degree III or above. Four taxa, including Erechtiteshieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. were alien plants and three taxa were invasive alien plants, all of which were WS species, including Erigeronannuus (L.) Pers. On the algific talus slope in Oejungbang-ri, Danyang-gun (A-T-9), there was no rare plant designated by the Korea Forest Service or Red list species as an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. One taxon, Celtiskoraiensis Nakai, was a floristic target species of degree III or above. Four taxa, including Morusalba L. were alien plants and two taxa: Oenotherabiennis L. and Erigeronannuus (L.) Pers., were invasive alien plants, both of which were WS species. On the algific talus slope in Shinjeong-ri, Jeongeup-si (A-T-10), one taxon, Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, was designated as a rare plant by the Korea Forest Service and a VU species of the Red list. One taxon, Weigelasubsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey, was an endemic plant of the Korean peninsula. Two taxa, Cephalantherafalcata (Thunb.) Blume and Rhamnusdavurica Pall., were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Beobhwa-ri, Yeongcheon-ri (A-T-11), one taxon, Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. One taxon, Carexfusanensis Ohwi, was an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. Eight taxa, including Spiraeachamaedryfolia L. and Syringareticulata (Blume) H. Hara were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected.

On the algific talus slope in Hwabuk-ri, Gunwi-gun (A-T-12), one taxon, Berchemiaberchemiifolia (Makino) Koidz., was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. No endemic plant was detected, whereas six taxa, including Rhamnusussuriensis J.J. Vassil. and Celtiskoraiensis Nakai were floristic target species of degree III or above. Two taxa, Erigeronannuus (L.) Pers. and Taraxacumofficinale F.H. Wigg., were invasive alien plants, both of which were WS species. On the algific talus slope in Naeryong-ri, Cheongsong-gun (A-T-13), two taxa, Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda and Berchemiaberchemiifolia (Makino) Koidz., were VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and LC species of the Red list. Twelve taxa, including Asarumchungbuensis (C.S. Yook & J.G. Kim) B.U. Oh were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Ninteen taxa, including Dryopterisfragrans (L.) Schott were floristic target species of degree III or above. Twenty-four taxa, including Rumexcrispus L. were alien plants and twenty-two taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which 12 were WS species, including Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L., six were SS species, including Festucaarundinacea Schreb., three were CS species, including Quamoclitcoccinea (L.) Moench and one was an MS species, Tagetesminuta L. On the algific talus slope in Nammyeong-ri, Milyng-si (A-T-14), one taxon, Deutziapaniculata Nakai, was an EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an NT species of the Red list. Eleven taxa, including Carexokamotoi Ohwi were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Fourteen taxa, including Ulmuslaciniata (Trautv.) Mayr were floristic target species of degree III or above. Six taxa, including Oenotherabiennis L., were invasive alien plants and five taxa were introduced disturbing plants, out of which three were WS species, including Galinsogaquadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., one was an SS species, Euphorbiamaculata L. and one was an MS species, Tagetesminuta L.

On the algific talus slope in Dongmak-ri, Yeoncheon-gun (A-C-1), one taxon, AspleniumtrichomanesL.subsp.quadrivalens D.E. Mey., was a CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service; two taxa, Rosakoreana Kom. and Forsythiasaxatilis (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species and three taxa, including Adiantumpedatum L. were VU species. One taxon, Athyriumspinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, was a VU species of the Red list and two taxa, Rosakoreana Kom. and Forsythiasaxatilis (Nakai) Nakai., were NT species. Thirteen taxa, including Asarummandshuricum(Maxim.)M. Kim & S. Sovar.seoulense (Nakai) M. Kim & S. So were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Twenty-eight taxa, including Callicarpadichotoma (Lour.) Raeusch. ex K. Koch were floristic target species of degree III or above. Five taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which two were WS species, including Erechtiteshieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. and Bidensfrondosa L. and three were MS species, including Barbareavulgaris W.T. Aiton. Two taxa, Sicyosangulatus L. and Ambrosiatrifida L., were introduced disturbing plants. On the algific talus slope in Unchi-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-C-2), two taxa, Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh. and Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics, were CR species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service; two taxa, Aconitumcoreanum (H. Lév.) Rapaics and Spiraeachartacea Nakai, were VU species of the Red list and one taxon, Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh., was an NT species. Ten taxa, including Paulowniacoreana Uyeki were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Thirty taxa, including Ribesmandshuricum (Maxim.) Kom. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Thirty-four taxa, including Rumexacetosella L. were alien plants and twenty-five taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which thirteen were WS species, including Veronicapersica Poir., four were SS species, including Carduuscrispus L., two were CS species, Chenopodiumalbum L. and Euphorbiahypericifolia L., three were MS species, including Ipomoeanil (L.) Roth and three were PS species, including Anthriscuscaucalis M.Bieb. Two taxa, Rumexacetosella L. and Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L., were introduced disturbing plants. On the algific talus slope in Jwapo-ri, Jinahn-gun (A-C-3), one taxon, Taxuscuspidata Siebold & Zucc., was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Prunus×yedoensis Matsum., was an EN species of the Red list. Four taxa, including Broussonetia×hanjiana M. Kim were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Six taxa, including Woodsiamacrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn were floristic target species of degree III or above. Twenty-four taxa, including Violasororia Willd. were alien plants and twenty taxa were invasive alien plants, out of which eleven were WS species, including Phytolaccaamericana L.; three were SS species, including Sonchusasper (L.) Hill, four were MS species, including Rumexobtusifolius L. and two were PS species, Lamiumpurpureum L. and Violasororia Willd. On the algific talus slope in Binggye-ri, Uiseong-gun (A-C-4), six taxa were rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service, out of which one was a CR species, Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh., two were EN species, Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. and Dracocephalumargunense Fisch. ex Link and three were VU species, including Tylophorafloribunda Miq. One taxon, Spiraeachartacea Nakai, was a VU species of the Red list and two taxa, Cystopterisfragilis (L.) Bernh. and Astilboidestabularis (Hemsl.) Engl., were NT species. Eight taxa, including Artemisiaangustissima Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Twenty-eight taxa, including Laporteacuspidata (Wedd.) Friis were floristic target species of degree III or above. Thirty-two taxa, including Solidagoaltissima L. were alien plants. Twenty-one taxa were invasive alien plants out of which ten were WS species, including Erigeronannuus (L.) Pers., four were SS species, including Poapratensis L., five were CS species, including Medicagosativa L., one was an MS species: Tagetesminuta L., and one was a PS species: Solidagoaltissima L. Two taxa: Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L. and Solidagoaltissima L., were introduced disturbing plants.

On the algific talus slope in Changchon-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-D-1), two taxa, Micranthesoctopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim and Oplopanaxelatus (Nakai) Nakai, were EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and three taxa, including Taxuscuspidata Siebold & Zucc. were VU species. One taxon, Piceajezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière, was an EN species of the Red list, two taxa, Gymnocarpiumdryopteris (L.) Newman and Oplopanaxelatus (Nakai) Nakai, were VU species and two taxa, Lycopodiumannotinum L. and Thujakoraiensis Nakai, were NT species. One taxon, Micranthesoctopetala (Nakai) Y.I. Kim & Y.D. Kim, was an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. Nineteen taxa, including Lycopodiumobscurum L. and Enemionraddeanum Regel were floristic target species of degree III or above. No alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Neunggang-ri, Jecheon-si (A-D-2), one taxon, Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an LC species of the Red list. Eleven taxa, including Angelicareflexa B.Y. Lee were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Sixteen taxa, including Athyriumiseanum Rosenst. were floristic target species of degree III or above. Four taxa were invasive alien plants out of which Chenopodiumficifolium Sm. was a WS species, Barbareavulgaris W.T. Aiton was an MS species and two were PS species, including Anthriscuscaucalis M.Bieb. and Ageratinaaltissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. One taxon, Ageratinaaltissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob., was an introduced disturbing plant. On the algific talus slope in Goobyeong-ri, Boeun-gun (A-D-3), two taxa, Actaeabifida (Nakai) J.Compton and Paeoniajaponica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, were VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and one taxon, Spiraeachartacea Nakai, was a VU species of the Red list. Twelve taxa, including Hemerocallishakuunensis Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Ten taxa, including Hostaclausa Nakai were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Samyang-ri, Milyang-si (A-D-4), one taxon, Deutziapaniculata Nakai, was an EN species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an NT species of the Red list. Five taxa, including Stewartiakoreana Nakai ex Rehder were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula or endemic species. Five taxa, including Melampyrumsetaceum(Maxim. ex Palib.)Nakaivar.nakaianum (Tuyama) T. Yamaz. were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. It is notable that Samyang-ri exhibited the lowest number of plants among the 25 sites of algific talus slope.

On the algific talus slope in Seonheul-ri, Jeju-si (A-V-1), three taxa were rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service out of which Cyrtosiaseptentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay was a CR species and two were VU species, Illiciumanisatum L. and Calanthediscolor Lindl. Two taxa, Cyrtosiaseptentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay and Goodyerahenryi Rolfe, were NT species of the Red list. One taxon, Sasaquelpaertensis Nakai, was an endemic plant of the Korean Peninsula. Twenty-four taxa, including Kadsurajaponica (L.) Dunal and Strobilanthesoliganthus Miq. were floristic target species of degree III or above. One taxon, Zingibermioga (Thunb.) Roscoe, was a PS species of invasive alien plants. On the algific talus slope in Gwandong-ri, Haenam-gun (A-O-1), one taxon, Cymbidiumgoeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f., was a Red list species. Three taxa, including Hostaminor (Baker) Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Four taxa, including Rhaphiolepisindica(L.)Lindl. ex Kervar.umbellata (Thunb. ex Murray) H. Ohashi were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected. On the algific talus slope in Chooseong-ri, Hamyang-gun (A-O-2), one taxon, Aconitumaustrokoreense Koidz., was a VU species of rare plants designated by the Korea Forest Service and an NT species of the Red list. Four taxa, including ThalictrumactaeifoliumSiebold & Zucc.var.brevistylum Nakai were endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula. Four taxa, including Dicentraspectabilis (L.) Lem. were floristic target species of degree III or above; no alien plant was detected.

Discussion

The vascular flora at 25 sites of algific talus slopes was investigated as a specific area of forest biodiversity. The area of each site was approximately 0.25 km², which accounted for approximately 0.0004% of the total forest area of 62,860 km² in South Korea (Korea Forest Service 2023). Despite the relative narrowness of the area, the overall vascular flora across the 25 algific talus slopes comprised 1,052 taxa of 125 families, 486 genera, 947 species, 23 subsp., 75 var. and 7 f., thereby accounting for approximately 22.27% of all 4,724 taxa of known vascular plants in South Korea. Moreover, there were 55 and 52 detected taxa of rare plants as designated by the Korea Forest Service and Red list species, respectively. This accounted for approximately 10.09% of the total 545 taxa of rare plants and 9.58% of the total 543 taxa of Red list species. On the algific talus slope in Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2), the area of the natural habitat of Vacciniumvitis-idaea L. is rapidly decreasing due to the spread of Muhlenbergiahakonensis (Hack. ex Matsum.) Makino, thereby implicating the need for developing ex-situ conservation measures. There were 54 (12.53%) and 44 (11.70%) detected taxa of endemic plants of the Korean Peninsula and endemic species, respectively. On the algific talus slope in Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun (A-T-4), Forsythiasaxatilis (Nakai) Nakai was found with phenotypic features similar to Forsythiaovata Nakai, thereby demanding taxonomic reinterpretation through genetic analyses. Further, 317 taxa of floristic target species were found and out of which 163 taxa of Degree III–V should be subjected to long-term monitoring plans and in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures. Moreover, long-term measures for ecological conservation should be developed via selecting plant species vulnerable to climate change on the 25 algific talus slope sites. There were 181 detected taxa of northern lineage plants of the Korean Peninsula; 60 taxa out of the 300 species threatened by climate change were also detected. The floristic inventory for northern lineage plants of the Korean Peninsula according to Gantsetseg et al. (2020) presents 616 species that are difficult to define as northern lineage plants. This appears to be because the inventory focuses solely on the shared species between South Korea and Russia so that the pattern of distribution for each taxon on the Korean Peninsula deviates to induce errors. Hence, a new floristic inventory should be produced for northern lineage plants based on the findings of this study; further studies are encouraged. For limestone area plants, 32 taxa (31.37%), including three taxa of CIP (21.43%), six taxa of SCP (20.00%) and 23 taxa of CCP (39.66%) were found. Seventy-five taxa of alien plants were detected, which account for 12.12% of the total 619 taxa of alien plants. However, care should be taken as most of the 25 algific talus slope sites are close to roads with high levels of accessibility and increasing number of tourists, which may consequently propel the continuously increasing spread of alien plants. In particular, tendency of alien plants to spread to areas surrounding the core areas of algific talus slope sites implies the need for suitable management measures. Systematic and continuous development of measures is necessary to ensure integrated conservation and management of the 25 algific talus slope sites. Currently, however, only very few regions with an algific talus slope, such as Bangnae-ri, Hongcheon-gun (A-T-2), are designated as reserve areas. Therefore, the FGRR and OECMs should be applied to a greater scope of regions for systematic management (Lee et al. 2022b). An area of OECMs is not a reserve area but a geographically defined area, which is managed in ways to achieve positive and continuous long-term results for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity and regarding the relevant ecosystem functions, services and cultural, socioeconomic and other regional values (Convention on Biological Diversity 2018). In South Korea, seven regions, including algific talus slopes and buffer areas of the Korea National Arboretum have been selected for OECMs and the results verified the effectiveness of OECMs as a means to extend the quantitative scope of reserve areas (Hong et al. 2017). Thus, algific talus slopes are thought to become a representative set of regions for OECMs. Furthermore, the day and night temperatures distinctly vary in regions such as the algific talus slope in Yeotan-ri and functions such as the cooling effect should be thoroughly analyzed through micrometeorological studies in order to provide pre-emptive responses against climate change.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary material 1

Location of algific talus slopes in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889104.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s001.docx^{(28.5KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 2

Flora of algific talus slopes in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889105.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s002.docx^{(24.2KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 3

Total list of vascular plants of algific talus slope of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889106.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s003.docx^{(95.1KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 4

List of rare plants and Red-list species in the algific talus slopes in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889108.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s004.docx^{(35.4KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 5

List of endemic plants on the Korean peninsula in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889109.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s005.docx^{(33.6KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 6

List of the Ⅴ–Ⅰ degree taxa of Korean floristic target species on the algific talus slope in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889110.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s006.docx^{(70.7KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 7

List of the northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula and 300 species threatened by climate change in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889111.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s007.docx^{(58.8KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 8

List of calciphilous plants in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889113.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s008.docx^{(40.3KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 9

List of alien plants in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889114.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s009.docx^{(40.3KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 10

Flora of algific talus slopes by type in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889115.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s010.docx^{(24.3KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 11

Flora of algific talus slopes by region in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889116.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s011.docx^{(27.4KB, docx)}

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out with research funding support from the Korea Forest Service Korea National Arboretum to establish “The research of biodiversity conservation and management for forest genetic resources protected area of Korea".

Funding Statement

References

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary material 1

Location of algific talus slopes in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889104.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s001.docx^{(28.5KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 2

Flora of algific talus slopes in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889105.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s002.docx^{(24.2KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 3

Total list of vascular plants of algific talus slope of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889106.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s003.docx^{(95.1KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 4

List of rare plants and Red-list species in the algific talus slopes in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889108.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s004.docx^{(35.4KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 5

List of endemic plants on the Korean peninsula in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889109.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s005.docx^{(33.6KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 6

List of the Ⅴ–Ⅰ degree taxa of Korean floristic target species on the algific talus slope in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889110.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s006.docx^{(70.7KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 7

List of the northern lineage plants on the Korean Peninsula and 300 species threatened by climate change in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889111.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s007.docx^{(58.8KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 8

List of calciphilous plants in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889113.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s008.docx^{(40.3KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 9

List of alien plants in the algific talus slopes of South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889114.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s009.docx^{(40.3KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 10

Flora of algific talus slopes by type in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889115.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s010.docx^{(24.3KB, docx)}

Supplementary material 11

Flora of algific talus slopes by region in South Korea

Lee, J.W., H. G. Yun, T. Y. Hwang, K. M. Kim, S. H. Jung and J. B. An

File: oo_889116.docx

bdj-11-e113952-s011.docx^{(27.4KB, docx)}

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[B10375859] Boo Kyung-On, Kwon Won-Tae, Baek Hee-Jeong. Change of extreme events of temperature and precipitation over Korea using regional projection of future climate change. Geophysical Research Letters. 2006;33(1) doi: 10.1029/2005gl023378. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

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PERMALINK

Floristic inventory and distribution characteristics of algific talus slopes in a specific area of forest biodiversity in South Korea

Jong-Won Lee

Ho-Geun Yun

Tae Young Hwang

Kyungmin Kim

Se-Hoon Jung

Jong Bin An

Abstract

Background

New information

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study site

Figure 1.

Figure 8.

Method

Checklists

Checklist of vascular plant on algific talus slopes in South Korea

Huperzia miyoshiana

Distribution

Huperzia serrata

Distribution

Lycopodium annotinum

Distribution

Lycopodium obscurum

Distribution

Selaginella helvetica

Distribution

Selaginella involvens

Distribution

Selaginella rossii

Distribution

Selaginella tamariscina

Distribution

Equisetum arvense

Distribution

Osmunda cinnamomea

Distribution

Osmunda japonica

Distribution

Crepidomanes minutum

Distribution

Dennstaedtia hirsuta

Distribution

Dennstaedtia wilfordii

Distribution

Microlepia strigosa

Distribution

Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum

Distribution

Cystopteris fragilis

Distribution

Gymnocarpium dryopteris

Distribution

Gymnocarpium jessoense

Distribution

Adiantum pedatum

Distribution

Cheilanthes argentea

Distribution

Coniogramme intermedia

Distribution

Coniogramme japonica

Distribution

Asplenium incisum

Distribution

Asplenium pekinense

Distribution

Asplenium ruprechtii

Distribution

Asplenium tenuicaule

Distribution

Asplenium trichomanes quadrivalens

Distribution

Parathelypteris japonica

Distribution

Phegopteris connectilis

Distribution

Thelypteris palustris