Table 2. Effects of fenugreek on CH4 emissions from ruminants.
| Source | Animal/ organism | Doses | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fenugreek seeds saponin | In vitro | 11.54 mg/40 ml (buffered rumen fluid) | CH4 reduction of 1.97%; 39% reduction in protozoa; methanogens of bacteria and fungi were reduced | Goel, Makkar & Becker (2008a) |
| Fenugreek | In vitro | 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of substrate | CH4 inhibition of 19.5%, 26.1%, 35.3%, respectively | Pattanaik et al. (2018) |
| Fenugreek | In vitro | (100% of fenugreek; 50:50 mixture of fenugreek and alfalfa; 100% of alfalfa) as substrate | CH4 (ml/g DM) (42.8, 52.6, 64.1); Methanogen (2, 1, 3.02, 4.23) (×104/mL); acetate: propionate (3.25,3.40,3.56); respectively | Niu et al. (2021) |
| Fenugreek leaf extract | In vitro | 20 mg/30 ml (buffered rumen fluid) | CH4 inhibition of 16.6% (37.3–30.1) (ml/g DM); ratio of acetate to propionate is reduced (3.39–2.85) | Dey (2015) |
| Fenugreek | In vitro | 19, 21, 23, or 25% of vetch-oat hay | CH4 inhibition of 45, 35, 72, or 67%, respectively | Arhabbr, Ablabr & Zitouni (2014) |
| Fenugreek seeds | In vitro | 66 mg/40 ml (buffered rumen fluid) | CH4 reduction of 9.7%; 56% reduction of protozoa (357–157) (×103 per ml) | Goel, Makkar & Becker (2008b) |
| Fenugreek seeds | In vitro | 2% of substrate | CH4 reduction of 22.8% (24.30–18.75) (ml/g DM) | Kumar et al. (2016) |
| Fenugreek seeds | In vitro | 1% of substrate | CH4 reduction of 34.1% | Lakhani et al. (2019) |
| Fenugreek extract | In vitro | 50 mg/60 ml (buffered rumen fluid) | CH4 reduction of 15.1% | Li (2015) |
| Fenugreek seeds | In vitro | 2% of substrate (wheat straw and concentrates mixture in the ratio of 60:40) | CH4 reduction of 19.6 (34.22–27.5) (ml/g DM) | Mohini (2007) |
| Fenugreek seed extracts | In vitro | 2% of substrate | CH4 production, TVFA concentration and bacterial biomass were not affected | Rejil & Mohini (2006) |
| Fenugreek straw | In vivo/cull sheep | 40% of diet | CH4 reduction of 26.8% | Bhatt et al. (2021) |
| Whole-seed fenugreek powder | In vivo/dairy cows | 16 g/cow/day | No significant difference between CH4 and acetate: propionate | Silva et al. (2021) |
Notes.
DM: dry matter.