Table 3.
HbA1c Levels According to the General Participant Characteristics (n=162)
| Variables | Categories (n) | Mean±SD | Z/ χ2 (p) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male (62) | 7.47±1.81 | −0.32 (0.754) |
| Female (100) | 7.39±1.48 | ||
| Age (years) | 60∼69 (67) | 7.27±1.39 | 0.88 (0.643) |
| 70∼79 (53) | 7.52±1.88 | ||
| ≥80 (42) | 7.54±1.59 | ||
| Marital status | Yes (100) | 7.48±1.61 | 1.27 (0.529) |
| No (62) | 7.32±1.81 | ||
| Number of family member | 0 (Living alone) (58) | 7.60±1.74 | 3.83 (0.280) |
| 1 (55) | 7.64±1.79 | ||
| 2 (26) | 6.99±1.25 | ||
| ≥3 (23) | 6.96±0.95 | ||
| Monthly household Income (10,000 won)† | <100 (100)a | 7.50±1.62 | 8.68 (0.013) a,b>c |
| 100∼299 (44)b | 7.58±1.63 | ||
| ≥300 (18)c | 6.62±1.36 | ||
| Education level | None (22) | 7.84±1.81 | 6.93 (0.140) |
| Elementary school graduation (56) | 7.74±1.88 | ||
| Middle school graduation (35) | 7.28±1.29 | ||
| High school graduation (40) | 6.92±1.21 | ||
| ≥University (9) | 7.19±1.63 | ||
| Usual social participation activities | No (88) | 7.61±1.56 | −2.33 (0.019) |
| Yes (74) | 7.20±1.66 | ||
| Number of participating activities | 1 (59) | 7.20±1.73 | 0.21 (0.902) |
| 2 (11) | 7.34±1.52 | ||
| ≥3 (4) | 6.75±0.89 | ||
| Duration of DM(years) | <10 (62) | 7.53±1.71 | 1.22 (0.543) |
| 10∼19 (52) | 7.24±1.52 | ||
| ≥20 (48) | 7.49±1.59 | ||
| Number of diseases | 1 (34) | 7.50±1.68 | 0.49 (0.975) |
| 2 (60) | 7.43±1.57 | ||
| 3 (50) | 7.32±1.67 | ||
| 4 (13) | 7.40±1.23 | ||
| ≥5 (5) | 7.84±2.32 | ||
| Perceived Social Support | Lack (35) | 7.59±1.90 | 0.14 (0.931) |
| Usually (94) | 7.36±1.57 | ||
| Many (33) | 7.42±1.41 |
Note: †Mann–Whitney U-test used to analyse post hoc test.