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. 2024 Feb 3;14:2850. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52874-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Factors affecting electrode positioning for optimized tDCS. (A) The distances (Ds) between conventional and optimized tDCS electrodes in groups with cortical and non-cortical lesions. (B) The target electric field differences between conventional and optimized tDCSs. The midlines of the boxes indicate the medians of A and B, the ends of the boxes the interquartile ranges (25–75%), and the whiskers the minima and maxima. (C) Correlations between the Ds and the initial Fugl-Meyer Assessment of upper extremity (FMA-UE) scores. The best-fitting regression lines are superimposed. (D) Correlations between the target electric field differences of the two tDCSs and the initial FMA-UE scores. Rho: Spearman correlation coefficient.