Table 1.

Effects of rumen microbiota transplantation (FR), sterile rumen fluid transplantation (SR) on plasma biochemical indices in postpartum dairy cows¹

Items	7 d			21 d			SEM	P-value
	CON	FR	SR	CON	FR	SR		Treatment	Time	Interaction
Glycolipid metabolism
BHBA, mmol/L	1.47A	1.34C	1.45A	1.59A	1.49B	1.51AB	0.033	0.01	< 0.01	0.27
NEFA, μmol/L	93.71	95.37	98.04	99.73	94.54	99.88	3.494	0.54	0.35	0.52
GLU, mmol/L	3.18	3.19	2.68	3.30	3.34	2.74	0.207	0.05	0.30	0.92
TG, mmol/L	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.012	0.44	0.20	0.80
TC, mmol/L	2.02	2.43	2.00	3.28	3.60	3.39	0.295	0.48	< 0.01	0.80
INS, mIU/L	13.96	15.72	12.34	16.17	14.14	13.22	1.233	0.14	0.59	0.23
Cort, ng/mL	17.86AB	17.12B	17,51AB	19.65A	17.68AB	20.08A	0.641	0.03	< 0.01	0.25
RQUICKI2	0.54	0.52	0.58	0.51	0.53	0.56	0.017	0.07	0.20	0.28
Immune indices
IgA, μg/mL	93.84	96.48	97.04	104.14	104.45	100.99	3.334	0.89	0.01	0.61
IgG, mg/mL	11.20	10.56	10.64	11.02	12.25	11.26	0.476	0.60	0.07	0.14
IgM, mg/mL	0.65	0.63	0.62	0.66	0.68	0.68	0.018	0.95	< 0.01	0.09
Antioxidant indices
GSH-Px, μmol/L	6.50B	6.32B	8.27A	6.42B	5.10C	6.81B	0.570	0.01	0.05	0.43
SOD, U/mL	73.23	68.66	71.05	70.02	70.71	73.47	2.208	0.53	0.79	0.31
MDA, nmol/mL	1.23	1.24	1.31	1.30	1.28	1.32	0.046	0.34	0.21	0.74
T-AOC, U/mL	10.36	10.64	10.13	10.41	11.51	10.41	0.638	0.37	0.43	0.79
Microbial compositions
D-LA, μmol/L	6.19A	5.87AB	5.60B	5.70B	6.42A	6.46A	0.164	0.49	0.03	< 0.01
DAO, U/mL	3.37C	3.53BC	3.37C	3.23C	4.30A	3.87B	0.132	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.01
LPS, EU/mL	0.83A	0.72B	0.73B	0.80A	0.72B	0.76BC	0.036	0.02	0.95	0.39
Other indices
SAA, µg/mL	26.33BC	25.41C	24.31C	29.56AB	26.16BC	30.85A	1.027	0.05	< 0.01	0.02
TNF-α, ng/L	131.08B	150.80A	135.77B	139.46B	135.94B	156.05A	4.356	0.05	0.20	< 0.01

BHBA β-hydroxybutyric acid, NEFA Nonesterified fatty acid, GLU Glucose, TG Triglyceride, TC Total cholesterol, INS Insulin cortisol, IgA Immunoglobulin A, IgG Immunoglobulin G, IgM Immunoglobulin M, GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, SOD Superoxide dismutase, MDA Malondialdehyde, T-AOC Total antioxidant capacity, D-LA D-lactic acid, DAO Diamine oxidase, LPS Lipopolysaccharide, SAA Serum amyloid A, TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α

¹The dairy cows in the CON group received 10 L saline daily

²Revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) = 1/[log(GLU) + log(INS) + log(NEFA)] [24]

^A–CDifferent superscript letters in each indicator represent a significant difference (P < 0.05)