Table 1.
Characteristics of Infants <1 Year of Age Enrolled in the Infant Burden Study, Overall and by HIV Status, South Africa, July 2016–October 2018 (N = 1323)
| Variable | Categories | No. (%) N = 1323 |
HIV Unexposed Uninfected (HUU) No. (%) N = 723 |
HIV-exposed Uninfected (HEU) No. (%) N = 526 |
HEU vs HUU P-valueg |
Living with HIV (HI) No. (%) N = 47 |
HI vs. HUU P-valueg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site | Mpumalanga | 214 (16.2) | 114 (15.8) | 73 (13.9) | .075 | 16 (34.0) | .001 |
| KwaZulu-Natal | 683 (51.6) | 364 (50.4) | 299 (56.8) | 12 (25.5) | |||
| North West | 426 (32.2) | 245 (33.9) | 154 (29.3) | 19 (40.4) | |||
| Year | 2016 | 177 (13.4) | 105 (14.5) | 62 (11.8) | .369 | 8 (17.0) | .493 |
| 2017 | 575 (43.5) | 308 (42.6) | 229 (43.5) | 23 (49.0) | |||
| 2018 | 571 (43.2) | 310 (42.9) | 235 (44.7) | 16 (34.0) | |||
| Sex | Male | 763 (57.7) | 415 (57.4) | 305 (58.0) | .836 | 26 (55.3) | .780 |
| Female | 560 (42.3) | 308 (42.6) | 221 (42.0) | 21 (44.7) | |||
| Race | Black | 1303 (98.5) | 706 (97.7) | 523 (99.4) | .013 | 47 (100.0) | .288 |
| Non-black | 20 (1.5) | 17 (2.3) | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Age group (months) | <1 | 108 (8.2) | 56 (7.8) | 51 (9.7) | .344 | 1 (2.1) | .177 |
| 1 to <3 | 364 (27.5) | 207 (28.6) | 137 (26.1) | 10 (21.3) | |||
| 3 to <6 | 335 (25.3) | 188 (26.0) | 120 (22.8) | 15 (31.9) | |||
| 6 to <9 | 277 (20.9) | 148 (20.5) | 118 (22.4) | 8 (17.0) | |||
| 9 to <12 | 239 (18.1) | 124 (17.2) | 100 (19.0) | 13 (27.7) | |||
| Underlying conditiona | No | 1284 (97.0) | 698 (96.5) | 513 (97.5) | .316 | 46 (97.9) | .625 |
| Yes | 39 (3.0) | 25 (3.5) | 13 (2.5) | 1 (2.1) | |||
| Malnutritionb | No | 975 (73.7) | 556 (76.9) | 382 (72.6) | .145 | 21 (44.7) | <.001 |
| Yes | 347 (26.2) | 166 (23.0) | 144 (27.4) | 26 (55.3) | |||
| Unknown | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Feeding type | Exclusive breastfeeding | 707 (53.4) | 427 (59.1) | 248 (47.2) | <.001 | 21 (44.7) | .066 |
| Mixed feeding | 240 (18.1) | 142 (19.6) | 82 (15.6) | 12 (25.5) | |||
| Formula feeding | 333 (25.2) | 130 (18.0) | 182 (34.6) | 14 (29.8) | |||
| Unknown | 43 (3.3) | 24 (3.3) | 14 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Prematurityc | No | 1082 (81.8) | 585 (80.9) | 428 (81.4) | .839 | 42 (89.4) | .149 |
| Yes | 241 (18.2) | 138 (19.1) | 98 (18.6) | 5 (10.6) | |||
| Birthweightd | Normal | 970 (73.3) | 533 (73.7) | 384 (73.0) | .516 | 32 (68.1) | .003 |
| Low | 282 (21.3) | 153 (21.2) | 121 (23.0) | 7 (14.9) | |||
| Unknown | 71 (5.4) | 37 (5.1) | 21 (4.0) | 8 (17.0) | |||
| Vaccinatione | Full coverage | 964 (72.9) | 530 (73.3) | 378 (71.9) | .646 | 37 (78.7) | .013 |
| No full coverage | 307 (23.2) | 167 (23.1) | 132 (25.1) | 5 (10.6) | |||
| Unknown | 52 (3.9) | 26 (3.6) | 16 (3.0) | 5 (10.6) | |||
| Admission diagnosisf | Non-respiratory | 631 (47.7) | 320 (44.3) | 283 (53.8) | .003 | 17 (36.2) | .470 |
| Respiratory | 683 (51.6) | 399 (55.2) | 239 (45.4) | 30 (63.8) | |||
| Unknown | 9 (0.7) | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Maternal education level | None/Primary | 616 (46.6) | 300 (41.5) | 268 (51.0) | .004 | 33 (70.2) | .001 |
| Secondary/Tertiary | 694 (52.5) | 414 (57.3) | 254 (48.3) | 14 (29.8) | |||
| Unknown | 13 (1.0) | 9 (1.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Outcome | Sur vived | 1294 (97.8) | 709 (98.1) | 518 (98.5) | .473 | 41 (87.2) | <.001 |
| Died | 27 (2.0) | 12 (1.7) | 8 (1.5) | 6 (12.8) | |||
| Unknown | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Underlying condition includes asthma, chronic lung, heart, liver or renal disease, stroke, sinusitis, organ transplant, anemia, immunosuppressive therapy, splenectomy, diabetes, burns, immunoglobulin deficiency, autoimmune disease, nephrotic syndrome, cancer, spinal cord injury, seizure disorder, cerebral palsy, congenital heart disease, other congenital disorder, obesity, or chronic gastrointestinal problems.
Malnutrition defined as a weight-for-age <−2 standard deviations from the WHO mean Z-score.
Prematurity defined as gestational age at birth of <37 weeks.
Low infant birthweight defined as <2500 g.
Vaccination defined as full vaccine coverage for age, using the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine given as part of the routine infant immunization schedule at 6,10, 14 weeks as a proxy.
Admission diagnosis: respiratory diagnosis includes apnea, neonatal sepsis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis and non-respiratory diagnosis includes encephalitis, viral illness, diarrhea, febrile seizures, meningitis, sepsis (non-neonatal), and other diagnosis.
Chi-squared test calculated for known data (unknown excluded).